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. 2021 Feb 6;9(2):159. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020159

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Representation of clinical application of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proteomic biomarkers. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is on the top as the only biomarker, which has passed phase V of clinical trials to be recommended for clinical usage. AFP has low sensitivity from 39 to 64% and specificity from 76 to 91%. Combination of AFP with other biomarkers and imaging techniques significantly improves performance of HCC detection. Gender, age, AFP, AFP-L3, and des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (GALAD) score is also recommended for clinical usage and has 87% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Promising biomarkers have positions between recommended and candidate biomarkers. Novel HCC biomarker candidates identified by proteomic profiling technologies are needed further verification and validation and are located on the base of the triangle.