What Does This Study Add?

➢This study examined current literature focusing on musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents and to evaluate the direct consequences. ➢It presents a comparison among different cultures and highlights the physio-pathological base of the pain experienced in childhood; probably in cases of psychological triggers in childhood (such as a particular painful experience), in genetically predisposed subjects, there is also a predisposition to develop chronic pain in adulthood. ➢The study highlights the need for future studies to therefore aim to validate a unified tool for measuring musculoskeletal pain in the neck and make it comparable in different cultures and to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the associations in genetically predisposed subjects to develop chronic pain in adulthood. ➢This study concludes that further research is needed to improve school furniture in the classrooms (chair, desk, and monitor height) and about postural hygiene (knowledge and postural habits), to help improving the head flexion (HF) posture. ➢The COVID-19 pandemic will probably exacerbate the problem.