Table 1.

Interactions between trichothecenes mycotoxins (DON, T-2 toxin and verrucarin A) and 80 S ribosome of yeast.

Trichothecenes	Atom in Trichothecenes (underlined)	Ribosome Residue/Metal Ion	Interaction Type	Distance(Å)	Comments
DON Bound in 25S rRNA
DON	C3-OH	Mg2+	Metal ion coordination *	2.7–2.9	Binding contacts contributed by C3-OH
	C3-OH	O2-U2869	Hydrogen bond *	2.7–3.2
	O-C12,13-epoxide	HO2′-β-ribose-U2873	Hydrogen bond *	2.5–2.8	Binding contacts formed by the core structure elements to the toxicity of trichothecenes
	C6,7,8,9,10,11 ring, along with C16 methyl	Cytosine ring in C2821	Hydrophobic stacking interaction	NA
	C6,7,8,9,10,11 ring, along with C16 methyl	Adenine ring in A2820	Edge-to-edge hydrophobic interaction	NA
T-2	C3-OH	Mg2+	Metal ion coordination	2.6	Binding contacts contributed by C3-OH
	C3-OH	O2-U2869	Hydrogen bond	2.9
	O-C12,13-epoxide	HO2′-β-ribose-U2873	Hydrogen bond	2.7	Binding contacts formed by the core structure elements to the toxicity of trichothecenes
	C6,7,8,9,10,11 ring, along with C16 methyl	Cytosine ring in C2821	Hydrophobic stacking interaction	NA
	C6,7,8,9,10,11 ring, along with C16 methyl	Adenine ring in A2820	Hydrophobic edge-to-edge interaction	NA
	O-C4-OAc	HO2′-β-ribose-U2872	hydrogen bond	3.1	Additional contacts contributed by the substituents of T-2 toxin
	CH3-C4-OAc	G2403 and A2872	Hydrophobic interaction	NA
	O1-C15-OAc	HN2-G2403	hydrogen bond	3.4
	[OCOCH2CH(CH3)2]-C8-	A2820 and U2875	Hydrophobic interaction	NA
Verrucarin A
	O-C12,13-epoxide	HO2′-β-ribose-U2873	Hydrogen bond	2.8	Binding contacts formed by the core structure elements to the toxicity of trichothecenes
	C6,7,8,9,10,11 ring, along with C16 methyl	Cytosine ring in C2821	Hydrophobic stacking interaction	NA
	C6,7,8,9,10,11 ring, along with C16 methyl	Adenine ring in A2820	Edge-to-edge hydrophobic interaction	NA
	Additional ring between C4 and C15	ribose bases of A2872, U2873 and G2874	hydrophobic interaction	NA	Additional contacts contributed by the substituents of verrucarin A
	O-C29-ketone	HN2-G2403	Hydrogen bond	3.4
	OH-C28	O2-U2875	Hydrogen bond	2.6
	O-C23-ketone	HN6-A2401	Weak hydrogen bond	3.7

The extended van der Waals contacts also contributed to the binding of trichothecenes to the ribosome. *: indicates the binding contacts mentioned in the previous publication [24]. The PDB accession number: 4U53 for deoxynivalenol, 4U6F for T-2 toxin, and 4U50 for verrucarin A. NA: not applicable.