Table 1.

Natural-alkaloid-based pharmacology therapy for osteoarthritis (OA).

Compound (Source)	Category	Structure	Therapeutic Target	Treatment	Ref.
Berberine (Berberis vulgaris)	Benzyl isoquinolin alkaloid		Activation of AMPK signaling and inhibition of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathways in chondrocytes. Activation of p38 MAPK signaling in osteoblasts.	Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-degradation in cartilage; Induction of bone formation.	[22,23,24,25,26,27,28]