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. 2021 Feb 9;10(2):265. doi: 10.3390/antiox10020265

Table 5.

Natural-terpenoid-based pharmacology therapy for OA.

Compound
(Source)		 Category Structure Therapeutic Target Treatment Ref.
Andrographolide
(Andrographis paniculate)		 Diterpenoid graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i019.jpg Reduces oxidative stress and inhibits MMP-13 expression. Attenuates cartilage degradation via miR-27-3p/MMP13 signaling. Anti-oxidant effects. Reduces the degradation of cartilage. [210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222]
Promotes bone formation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Bone formation [213,214]
Astaxanthin
(Haematococcus pluvialis)		 Tetraterpenoid graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i020.jpg Anti-catabolic effects via the activation of Nrf2–ARE signaling. Reduces cartilage degradation via MAPK signaling inhibition. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Attenuates degradation of cartilage [221,222]
Aucubin
(Aucuba japonica)		 Iridoid glycoside graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i021.jpg Inhibits IL-1β-induced effects. Inhibits iNOS expression and NO production Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Prevents OA progression. [226,227,228,229]
Boswellia serrata 11-Keto-β-boswellic, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i022.jpg Inhibits IL-1β/oncostatin-M-induced effect, decreasing the expression of MMP-9, MMP-13, and COX-2 and reducing the production of NO and PGE2. Inhibits 5-LOX and TNF-α. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. [15,232,233,234]
graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i023.jpg Promotes osteoblast differentiation and suppresses osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting TNF-α and NF-κB signaling. Bone protection. [235,236]
Celastrol
(Celastrus regelii, Tripterygium wilfordii)		 Triterpenoid graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i024.jpg Diminishes the IL-1β-induced catabolic effect, decreasing the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, iNOS, and COX-2. Reduces cartilage degradation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and activating SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling. Anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects. [238,239,240]
Suppresses osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Bone protection. [241,242]
Ginsenoside
(Panax)		 Terpenoid glycoside graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i025.jpg Inhibits the IL-1β-induced effect, decreasing the expression of MMP-1, MMP-13, iNOS, and COX-2; the level of PGE2; promoting the expression of ACAN and Col II. Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-degradative effects. [244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254]
Promotes osteoblast differentiation and suppresses osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Bone protection [255,256,257,258,259,260]
Harpagophytum procumbens Iridoid glycosides graphic file with name antioxidants-10-00265-i026.jpg Inhibits IL-1β-induced anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing the expression of IL-6 and MMP-13 via the suppression of c-Fos/AP-1 activity. Anti-inflammatory effect. [263]
Stimulates osteoblast dif-ferentiation and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Bone protection. [264]