Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population in non-MetS and MetS groups.
| Non-MetS | MetS | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 446 | n = 709 | ||
| Sex | 0.001 | ||
| Female (%) | 312 (70.0) | 430 (60.6) | |
| Male (%) | 134 (30.0) | 279 (39.4) | |
| Age (years) | 66.0 ± 10.3 | 65.7 ± 9.8 | 0.623 |
| Weight (kg) | 56.4 ± 9.1 | 68.7 ± 14.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 2.7 | 26.8 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 79.4 ± 8.2 | 91.1 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP | 122.4 ± 14.8 | 134.4 ± 14.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP | 73.8 ± 9.5 | 77.7 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| TCHO (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (U/mL) | 6.01 ± 4.20 | 12.69 ± 8.39 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.56 ± 1.30 | 4.12 ± 3.25 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 36 (8.1) | 102 (14.4) | 0.002 |
| Drinking (%) | 42 (9.4) | 110 (15.5) | 0.01 |
| Exercise (%) | 320 (71.7) | 411 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Copper (µg/L) | 949.5 ± 253.3 | 1101.2 ± 322.5 | <0.001 |
| Zinc (µg/L) | 774.7 ± 247.4 | 1044.9 ± 339.3 | <0.001 |
| Iron (µg/L) | 1051.6 ± 403.6 | 1370.0 ± 577.7 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic factors | 1.25 ± 0.75 | 3.84 ± 0.74 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; BP: blood pressure; TCHO: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.