Table 1.
Applications of forward osmosis in treatment of different wastewater streams. Adapted from [17].
| Application | Draw Solute Used | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Raw municipal wastewater | NaCl, MgCl2 | Up to 70% water recovery | [19] |
| Coke-oven wastewater | NaCl, MgSO2 and CaCl2∙H2O (0.4–2.5 M) | 96–98% removal of cyanide, phenols and COD | [18,20] |
| Reduction in volume of gas field produced water | 1 M NaCl | 50% of volume reduced | [21] |
| Coal mine wastewater desalination | More saline mine waster | More than 80% of volume of mine water recovered | [22] |
| Sewage (primary effluent) | NaCl, MgCl2∙6H2O | Low water recovery due to internal concentration polarization and fouling | [23] |
| Domestic wastewater | NaCl (35 g/L) | Over 90% contaminant removal | [24] |