| ASW | Artificial sea water |
| AU-PAGE | Acetic acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| SDS-PAGE | Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
| EMSA | Electrophoretic mobility shift assay |
| ICP-MS | Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry |
| PCA | Perchloric acid |
| PL | Protamine-like |
| qPCR | Quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
| RT-qPCR | Reverse transcript quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
| SNBP | Sperm nuclear basic protein |
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