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. 2021 Feb 8;11(2):93. doi: 10.3390/metabo11020093

Table 2.

Associations between intake of protein and different types of fat, and subclasses of circulating sphingolipids of the Singapore Prospective Study Program participants (n = 2860) 1.

Protein Saturated Fat Polyunsaturated Fat Monounsaturated Fat
β2 95% CI β 95% CI β 95% CI β 95% CI
Ceramides −0.11 −0.18 −0.04 0.07 0.01 0.14 −0.01 −0.07 0.04 −0.02 −0.09 0.05
Short-chain (C14) NA
Long-chain (C16–C18) 0.00 −0.08 0.08 0.02 −0.06 0.10 −0.11 −0.18 −0.04 0.00 −0.09 0.08
Very long chain (C20–C26) −0.11 −0.18 −0.05 0.08 0.01 0.14 −0.01 −0.07 0.05 −0.02 −0.09 0.05
16:1;O2 0.06 −0.01 0.13 0.13 0.06 0.20 0.05 −0.01 0.12 −0.10 −0.17 −0.03
18:1;O2 −0.12 −0.19 −0.06 0.07 0.00 0.14 −0.03 −0.08 0.03 0.00 −0.07 0.07
18:2;O2 −0.10 −0.18 −0.03 0.04 −0.04 0.11 0.02 −0.05 0.08 −0.06 −0.13 0.02
HexCer −0.20 −0.28 −0.12 0.07 −0.01 0.15 −0.09 −0.16 −0.02 0.03 −0.06 0.11
Short-chain (C14) NA
Long-chain (C16–C18) −0.14 −0.22 −0.05 0.05 −0.03 0.14 −0.14 −0.22 −0.07 0.03 −0.05 0.12
Very long chain (C20–C26) −0.21 −0.29 −0.13 0.07 −0.01 0.15 −0.08 −0.15 −0.02 0.02 −0.06 0.11
16:1;O2 −0.06 −0.15 0.02 0.19 0.11 0.27 0.02 −0.05 0.09 −0.06 −0.14 0.03
18:1;O2 −0.20 −0.29 −0.12 0.06 −0.02 0.14 −0.10 −0.16 −0.03 0.03 −0.05 0.11
18:2;O2 −0.20 −0.29 −0.12 0.05 −0.03 0.13 −0.08 −0.15 −0.01 0.00 −0.08 0.08
Hex2Cer −0.15 −0.24 −0.07 0.06 −0.02 0.15 0.01 −0.06 0.08 0.01 −0.07 0.10
Short-chain (C14) −0.11 −0.20 −0.03 0.06 −0.02 0.14 0.05 −0.02 0.12 −0.04 −0.13 0.04
Long-chain (C16–C18) −0.15 −0.23 −0.06 0.05 −0.03 0.13 0.01 −0.06 0.08 0.01 −0.07 0.10
Very long chain (C20–C26) −0.15 −0.23 −0.06 0.09 0.01 0.18 −0.01 −0.08 0.06 0.03 −0.06 0.11
16:1;O2 0.00 −0.09 0.08 0.21 0.12 0.30 0.06 −0.01 0.14 −0.09 −0.18 −0.01
18:1;O2 −0.15 −0.24 −0.07 0.05 −0.03 0.14 0.00 −0.07 0.07 0.02 −0.06 0.10
18:2;O2 −0.18 −0.26 −0.10 0.09 0.00 0.17 0.00 −0.07 0.07 0.00 −0.08 0.08
SM −0.12 −0.19 −0.05 0.09 0.02 0.16 −0.03 −0.09 0.02 0.00 −0.07 0.07
Short-chain (C14) −0.08 −0.15 −0.01 0.05 −0.02 0.12 0.01 −0.05 0.07 −0.07 −0.14 0.00
Long-chain (C16–C18) −0.16 −0.23 −0.08 0.14 0.07 0.22 −0.08 −0.14 −0.02 −0.01 −0.08 0.06
Very long chain (C20–C26) −0.08 −0.15 −0.01 0.03 −0.03 0.10 0.01 −0.05 0.06 0.02 −0.05 0.08
16:1;O2 0.13 0.05 0.21 0.16 0.08 0.24 0.08 0.01 0.14 −0.10 −0.18 −0.02
18:1;O2 −0.15 −0.22 −0.08 0.08 0.01 0.15 −0.06 −0.12 0.00 0.03 −0.04 0.10
18:2;O2 −0.12 −0.19 −0.05 0.03 −0.04 0.09 −0.01 −0.07 0.05 −0.01 −0.08 0.06
SPB −0.14 −0.23 −0.05 0.04 −0.05 0.13 0.00 −0.07 0.08 0.04 −0.05 0.13
16:1;O2 −0.01 −0.10 0.07 0.07 −0.02 0.16 0.04 −0.04 0.11 −0.01 −0.10 0.08
18:1;O2 −0.14 −0.23 −0.05 0.03 −0.06 0.12 −0.01 −0.09 0.07 0.06 −0.04 0.15
18:2;O2 −0.16 −0.25 −0.07 0.03 −0.06 0.12 0.01 −0.07 0.09 0.04 −0.05 0.14
SPBP −0.15 −0.24 −0.06 0.00 −0.09 0.09 0.03 −0.05 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.18
16:1;O2 0.00 −0.09 0.08 0.14 0.05 0.23 0.08 0.00 0.15 −0.02 −0.11 0.07
18:1;O2 −0.15 −0.24 −0.06 0.00 −0.09 0.09 0.02 −0.06 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.18
18:2;O2 −0.18 −0.27 −0.09 −0.03 −0.12 0.06 −0.01 −0.08 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.20

1 Values are beta coefficients from linear regression analysis representing the change per SD in circulating sphingolipids (log-transformed values) for every 5% of total energy intake increment in nutrient intake. 2 We adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake, physical activity, cigarette smoking, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Additionally, for protein intake, we adjusted for total fat intake, and for saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and monounsaturated fat, we mutually adjusted for each other in addition to protein intake. Associations that are statistically significant (adjusted p < 0.050, using the Benjamini‑Hochberg procedure) are in bold. Abbreviations: HexCer, monohexosylceramide, Hex2Cer, dihexosylceramide, SM, sphingomyelin, SPB, sphingoid base, SPBP, sphingoid base phosphate.