Figure 3.
Adiponectin enhances glycolytic activity in primary astrocytes. Primary astrocytes were seeded at 5 × 105 cell/well, starved overnight, and treated with adiponectin (ADN, 1 μg/mL) for 24 h. (A) The level of mRNA encoding hexokinase 1 (Hk1) was upregulated in adiponectin-treated primary astrocytes compared to that in vehicle-treated primary astrocytes as determined by qRT-PCR (n = 6 for each group). (B) The extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) were elevated by adiponectin treatment (n = 3 for each group). GC-MS results showed increased levels of (C) pyruvate, (D) lactate, (E) fumarate, (F) malate, (G) citrate, and (H) glucose in the hypothalamus of adiponectin-treated mice compared with that of vehicle-treated mice (n = 4 for each group). Results are presented as the means ± SEM. qPCR and ECAR experiments were performed from at least three different preparations of astrocytes. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.