Table 1.

Effect of exosomes derived from stem cells on the reduction of myocardial oxidative stress (OS) damage. ADSC: adipose-derived stem cell; CPC: cardiac progenitor cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; ATG7: autophagy-related 7; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; PDCD4: programmed cell death 4.

Origin of Exosome	Mechanistic Detail of OS Damage Reduction	References
ADSC	promotes neovascularization and alleviates inflammation and apoptosis	[165]
	upregulated miR-93-5p suppresses autophagy and inflammatory cytokine expression by targeting ATG7 and TLR4	[174]
CPC	upregulated miR-21 inhibits apoptosis by targeting PDCD4	[175]
	inhibits caspase 3/7 activity	[173]
	activates ERK1/2 pathway and inhibits apoptosis	[66]
MSC	increases ATP level and activates PI3K/Akt pathway	[163]
	activates Akt/Sfrp2 pathway	[176]
	upregulated miR-19a activates Akt/ERK pathway	[109]