Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of three different population cohorts according to skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) status.
| 2016–2019 Gangnam Severance Hospital Check-Up |
2008–2010 KNHANES | KoGES: Ansan-Ansung Study | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Normal | LSMI | p * | Normal | LSMI | p † | Normal | LSMI | p * |
| N | 7753 | 1938 | 7412 | 908 | 3405 | 831 | |||
| Male sex, % | 49.6 | 49.7 | 0.939 | 40.3 | 41.9 | 0.487 | 41.7 | 42.8 | 0.562 |
| Age, years | 47.5 ± 12.1 | 55.5 ± 12.3 | <0.001 | 45.6 ± 0.4 | 62.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 49.9 ± 8.3 | 55.1 ± 8.8 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal obesity, % | 19.3 | 57.9 | <0.001 | 21.1 | 47.3 | <0.001 | 12.2 | 30.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 79.7 ± 10.2 | 89.4 ± 10.7 | <0.001 | 79.7 ± 0.2 | 86.8 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 78.6 ± 7.6 | 83.8 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 27.6 ± 3.9 | <0.001 | 23.3 ± 0.1 | 25.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 23.4 ± 2.5 | 25.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Mean blood pressure, mmHg | 87.5 ± 8.9 | 90.0 ± 9.4 | <0.001 | 90.1 ± 0.3 | 95.6 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 89.8 ± 12.2 | 94.1 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Basal energy expenditure, kcal/day | 1413.7 ± 229.8 | 1357.8 ± 217.3 | <0.001 | 1362.4 ± 3.7 | 1268.3 ± 7.4 | <0.001 | 1359.2 ± 179.8 | 1314.1 ± 167.0 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 97.9 ± 18.6 | 107.1 ± 26.7 | <0.001 | 96.3 ± 0.3 | 105.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 82.4 ± 11.6 | 83.3 ± 12.7 | 0.057 |
| Fasting insulin, μIU/mL | - | - | - | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 6.4 ± 2.7 | 6.5 ± 2.8 | 0.914 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 203.5 ± 37.8 | 208.9 ± 41.4 | <0.001 | 186.4 ± 0.6 | 196.0 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 186.9 ± 33.7 | 195.9 ± 34.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 102 (73, 146) | 130 (94, 181) | <0.001 | 123.9 ± 1.5 | 163.1 ± 4.9 | <0.001 | 115 (89, 150) | 133 (102, 179) | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.9 ± 13.5 | 53.4 ± 11.9 | <0.001 | 48.4 ± 0.2 | 45.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 46.3 ± 10.0 | 45.1 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 128.9 ± 30.7 | 135.4 ± 33.2 | <0.001 | 113.2 ± 0.5 | 118.0 ± 1.7 | 0.007 | 114.7 ± 30.4 | 121.2 ± 31.8 | <0.001 |
| AST, IU/L | 24 (20, 31) | 28 (23, 36) | <0.001 | 21.8 ± 0.2 | 23.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 25 (22, 29) | 26 (23, 30) | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 20 (14, 30) | 27 (19, 41) | <0.001 | 21.1 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 0.8 | 0.002 | 19 (16, 26) | 21 (18, 28) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 17.7 | 15.7 | 0.038 | 19.9 | 16.2 | 0.091 | 21.4 | 17.4 | 0.011 |
| Current drinker, % | 64.6 | 52.4 | <0.001 | 53.2 | 41.6 | <0.001 | 45.0 | 39.0 | 0.002 |
| Regular exercise, % | 23.7 | 28.0 | <0.001 | 23.3 | 19.0 | 0.049 | 52.2 | 48.7 | 0.071 |
| Daily caloric intake, kcal/day | - | - | - | 1888.6 ± 14.8 | 1646.1 ± 33.3 | <0.001 | 1851.7 (1546.3, 2200.9) | 1772.2 (1460.2, 2137.1) | 0.001 |
| Daily protein intake, g/day | - | - | - | 68.7 ± 0.7 | 57.1 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | 62.6 (48.7, 78.0) | 57.5 (44.7, 74.6) | <0.001 |
| Daily fat intake, g/day | - | - | - | 37.7 ± 0.6 | 27.3 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 30.0 (14.2, 41.2) | 25.8 (17.0, 37.8) | <0.001 |
| Daily CHO intake, g/day | - | - | - | 311.7 ± 2.3 | 286.6 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | 323.8 (278.1, 376.3) | 315.9 (275.4, 375.6) | 0.252 |
| Skeletal muscle index | 1.938 ± 0.324 | 1.530 ± 0.271 | <0.001 | 0.768 ± 0.003 | 0.581 ± 0.007 | <0.001 | 1.842 ± 0.309 | 1.519 ± 0.254 | <0.001 |
| NAFLD liver fat score | - | - | - | −1.381 ± 0.021 | −0.9110 ± 0.064 | <0.001 | −1.958 ± 0.636 | −1.747 ± 0.648 | <0.001 |
| NAFLD, % | 37.1 | 66.5 | <0.001 | 20.8 | 34.7 | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| History of CVD, % | 4.2 | 7.8 | <0.001 | 2.7 | 10.5 | <0.001 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 0.081 |
Abbreviations: SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; LSMI, low skeletal muscle mass index; KNHANES, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; KoGES, The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study; LSMI, low skeletal muscle mass index; SE, standard error; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CHO, carbohydrate; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease. * p derived from Student’s t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. † p derived from weighted generalized linear regression analysis for continuous variables and weighted chi-square test for categorical variables.