Table 4.

Betalains in quinoa seeds.

Analytical Method	Analyte Content	Quinoa Sample Origin	Reference
Spectrophotometry	Total betalains: 0.15–6.10 1	South America, Peru	Abderrahim et al. [24]
HPLC	Amaranthin: 0.8–148.6 2 iso-Amaranthin: 0.8–145.5 2 Betanin: 0.6–9.7 2 iso-Betanin: 0.6–7.7 2 Dopaxanthin: 0.4–85.3 2 Dopamine-BX: 0.5–10.5 2 Proline-BX: 0.3–7.5 2	South America, Peru	Escribano et al. [56]
LC-MS	Identification of betanin and isobetanin	Commercial (red and black quinoa)	Tang et al. [39]

¹ mg 100 g⁻¹ fw; ² mg kg⁻¹ dm; BX: betaxanthin.