Table 6.
Anti-nutritional factors in quinoa seeds.
| Anti-Nutritional Factors | Analytical Method | Analyte Content | Quinoa Sample Origin | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saponins | Spectrophotometry | TSC: 2.76–4.12 1 | Africa, Egypt | Saad-Allah et al. [14] |
| Saponins | Spectrophotometry | TSC: 15.50 3 | Asia, China | Han et al. [16] |
| Saponins | Spectrophotometry | TSC: 6.6–30.9 1 | USA | Medina-Meza et al. [70] |
| Saponins | Spectrophotometry | TSC (ethanol:water): 44.3 1
TSC (ethanol): 55.1 1 TSC (water): 2.6 1 |
Commercial | Navarro del Hierro et al. [40] |
| Saponins | Afrosimetric method | TSC: 0.0–3.5 1 | Europe, Germany | Präger et al. [71] |
| Saponins | Afrosimetric method | TSC: 0.0–3.4 1 | Multi-origin (South America, Peru and Brazil + Commercial) | Diaz-Valencia et al. [41] |
| Saponins | HPLC | TS (extract): 78.6 1 TS (hydrolyzed extract): 20 1 SC (extract): nd SC (hydrolyzed extract): 56.3 1 Oleanolic acid (hydrolyzed extract): 15.5 1 Hederagenin (hydrolyzed extract): 8.2 1 Serjanic acid (hydrolysed extract): 18.3 1 Phytolaccagenic acid (hydrolyzed extract): 14.4 1 |
Commercial | Navarro del Hierro et al. [50] |
| Saponins | HPLC GC-MS |
TS: 15.2 1 Identified sapogenins: oleanolic acid, serjanic acid, and phytolaccagenic acid, hederagenin |
Commercial | Herrera et al. [72] |
| Saponins | HPLC | Saponin A: 1.4–10 4 Saponin B: 0.86–10 4 Saponin C: 10–30 4 |
South America, Argentina | Bonfiglio et al. [73] |
| Saponins | GC-MS | Phytolaccagenic acid: 16.72 1 Hederagenin: 4.22 1 |
USA | Medina-Meza et al. [70] |
| Saponins | GC-MS LC–MS/MS |
Identification of 24 saponins Identification of three main aglycones |
Multi-country (South America, Bolivia + Europe, Denmark) | Ruiz et al. [74] |
| Saponins | Afrosimetric method HPLC-TOF/Q-TOF |
TSC: 2–83 5 Identification of 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl esters of oleanolic acid, serjanic acid, and phytolaccagenic acid, hederagenin differently substituted in C3 |
South America, Peru | Escribano et al. [56] |
| Saponins | GC | TS: 0.05–2.00 6 Identified sapogenins: oleanolic acid, hederagenin and phytolaccagenic acid |
Multi-country (South America, Chile + USA) | De Santis et al. [67] |
| Saponin | Spectrophotometry | TSC: 8–13 1 | Multi-country (Spain, Peru, Chile) | Reguera et al. [75] |
| Tannins | Spectrophotometry | TNC: 0.88 2 | South America, Peru | Drzewiecki et al. [26] |
| Tannins | Spectrophotometry | TNC: 0.23–0.31 1 | Africa, Egypt | Saad-Allah et al. [14] |
| Phytic acid | Spectrophotometry | Phytate content: 2–4 1 | Multi-country (Spain, Peru, Chile) | Reguera et al. [75] |
| Phytic acid | HPLC | Phytate (raw seeds): 8.80 1 Phytate (fermented seeds): 2.24 1 |
Commercial | Castro-Alba et al. [78] |
1 g kg−1; 2 mg Catechin Equivalents (CE) g−1 dm; 3 mg Oleanolic Acid Equivalents (OAE) g−1 dm; 4 mg 100 mL−1; 5 mm; 6 %; TNC: Tannin Content; TS: Total Saponins; TSC: Total Saponin Content.