Table 1.

Current and experimental anti-atherogenic therapies.

Atherogenic Target	Class	Compound	Molecular Target	Stage of Development	Refs
Hypertension	β-blockers	Metoprolol, Carvedilol, Bisoprolol	adrenergic β-receptors	Marketed	[56,57,60,61]
	ACE inhibitors	Captopril, Benazepril, Perindopril, Ramipril	Angiotensin-converting enzyme
	Ca2+-channel blockers	Amlodipine, Nifedipine	Voltage-dependent L−, N−, and T-type Ca2+ channels
	Diuretics	Thiazide	Solute carrier family 12 members
	Angiotensin-Receptor blockers	Losartan, Valsartan	Angiotensin receptor	Marketed	[60,61,62,63]
Dyslipidemia	HGM-CoA inhibitors	Statins	HMG-CoA	Marketed	[17,62]
	PCSK9 inhibitors	Evolucumab, Alirocumab	PCSK9
	Cholesterol absorption inhibitors	Ezetimibe	NPC1L1, SOAT1
Inflammation	Antibodies	Canakinumab; Adalimumab, Infliximab, Inclacumab	Cytokines (IL1β, TNFα), adhesion molecules (P-selectin)	I-III	[64,65,66]
	Lipoxygenase inhibitors	Atreleutron, Veliflapon	5-LO, FLAP	II	[67,68]
	Phospholipase inhibitors	Darapladib, Varespladib	Lp-PLA2, sPLA2	III	[69,70]
	CCL2-CCR2 inhibitors		CCR2	I	[71]
Thrombosis	Thromboxane A2 inhibitors	Aspirin	Cyclooxygenases	Marketed	[72,73]
	P2Y12 inhibitors	Clopidegril, Ticagrelor, Prasugrel, Cangrelor	P2Y purinoceptor 12
	GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors	Tirofiban, Eptifibatide, Abciximb	platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor
	PAR-1 inhibitors	Vorapaxar	Proteinase-activated receptor 1

5-LO = 5-lipoxygenase; CCL2 = C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1); CCR2 = C-C chemokine receptor type 2; FLAP = 5-LO activating protein; HMG-CoA = β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA; Lp-PLA2 = lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; NPC1L1 = Niemann–Pick C1-like protein 1; PSCK9 = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; SOAT1 = sterol O-acyltransferase 1; sPLA2 = secretory phospholipase A2.