Table 5.
Aroma compounds identified in Cabernet Sauvignon red wine and nanofiltration retentates at 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 MPa with cooling and without cooling.
| Compound | W | N1 | N2 | N3 | N4 | N5 | N6 | N7 | N8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∑Acids (μg/L) | 828.8 ± 29.9 h | 372.9 ± 3.0 a | 396.3 ± 6.3 b | 465.1 ± 6.3 e | 738.5 ± 20.8 g | 411.6 ± 2.0 c | 428.1 ± 6.3 d | 509.4 ± 8.0 f | 518.6 ± 1.6 f |
| Acetic acid (μg/L) | 682.5 ± 27.6 e | 221.0 ± 0.1 a | 221.5 ± 3.1 a | 229.4 ± 3.4 b | 365.8 ± 9.3 d | 222.9 ± 0.5 a | 223.7 ± 4.6 a | 292.5 ± 5.2 c | 298.5 ± 0.2 c |
| Octanoic acid (μg/L) | 25.6 ± 0.3 a | 40.9 ± 0.4 b | 40.5 ± 1.7 b | 53.2 ± 2.3 d | 60.1 ± 1.2 e | 42.1 ± 0.8 b | 50.2 ± 0.2 c | 51.6 ± 0.6 c,d | 53.1 ± 0.4 d |
| Nonanoic acid (μg/L) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Decanoic acid (μg/L) | 65.4 ± 0.8 a | 57.7 ± 1.5 a | 67.4 ± 0.2 b | 71.8 ± 0.1 b | 176.5 ± 6.2 e | 77.4 ± 0.1 c | 81.7 ± 0.4 c,d | 82.0 ± 1.1 d | 83.6 ± 0.3 d |
| Lauric acid (μg/L) | 16.5 ± 0.1 a | 20.2 ± 0.8 b | 23.5 ± 0.4 c | 27.1 ± 0.1 d | 30.2 ± 0.6 f | 28.7 ± 0.3 e | 30.6 ± 0.7 f | 36.6 ± 0.9 g | 37.0 ± 0.4 g |
| Myristic acid (μg/L) | 24.8 ± 0.5 a | 27.1 ± 0.1 b | 37.4 ± 0.8 d | 76.1 ± 0.3 f | 96.9 ± 3.3 g | 35.3 ± 0.2 c | 36.6 ± 0.3 d | 39.0 ± 0.1 e | 38.8 ± 0.2 e |
| Palmitic acid (μg/L) | 14.0 ± 0.6 e | 6.0 ± 0.1 b | 6.0 ± 0.1 b | 7.5 ± 0.1 c | 9.0 ± 0.2 d | 5.2 ± 0.1 a | 5.3 ± 0.1 a | 7.7 ± 0.1 c | 7.6 ± 0.1 c |
| ∑Alcohols (mg/L) | 7.29 ± 0.21 b | 9.19 ± 0.33 c,d | 9.97 ± 0.21 d | 11.20 ± 0.23 e | 12.26 ± 0.29 f | 5.38 ± 0.17 a | 7.30 ± 0.14 b | 7.66 ± 0.21 b | 8.84 ± 0.17 c |
| Isoamyl alcohol (mg/L) | 3.98 ± 0.12 b | 5.82 ± 0.09 e | 5.95 ± 0.08 e | 6.65 ± 0.11 f | 7.16 ± 0.11 g | 3.00 ± 0.03 a | 4.59 ± 0.03 d | 4.26 ± 0.07 c | 4.69 ± 0.09 d |
| 1-butanol (mg/L) | 1.06 ± 0.06 b | 0.91 ± 0.09 b | 1.43 ± 0.02 d | 1.52 ± 0.02 e | 1.75 ± 0.08 f | 0.57 ± 0.01 a | 0.62 ± 0.01 a | 1.06 ± 0.07 b | 1.28 ± 0.02 c |
| 2,3-butanediol (mg/L) | 0.30 ± 0.02 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 0.54 ± 0.02 c | 0.70 ± 0.07 d | 0.96 ± 0.02 e | 0.38 ± 0.07 a | 0.46 ± 0.01 b | 0.48 ± 0.01 b | 0.55 ± 0.01 c |
| 1-hexanol (μg/L) | 42.4 ± 0.7 c | 44.8 ± 0.1 d | 44.2 ± 0.3 d | 44.3 ± 0.3 d | 47.0 ± 1.1 e | 13.7 ± 0.9 a | 15.1 ± 0.1 b | 15.7 ± 0.4 b | 15.1 ± 0.1 b |
| Methionol (μg/L) | 20.6 ± 0.8 c | 15.3 ± 0.3 b | 11.4 ± 0.4 a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Benzyl alcohol (μg/L) | 7.2 ± 0.1 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1-octanol (μg/L) | 14.4 ± 0.3 a | 18.5 ± 0.2 b | 20.0 ± 0.6 c | 22.1 ± 0.1 d | 24.4 ± 1.0 e | 13.0 ± 1.1 a | 17.9 ± 1.0 b | 20.1 ± 0.2 c | 20.1 ± 0.1 c |
| 2-phenylethanol (mg/L) | 1.86 ± 0.01 c | 1.92 ± 0.14 c | 1.96 ± 0.09 c | 2.25 ± 0.03 d | 2.30 ± 0.08 d | 1.39 ± 0.06 a | 1.58 ± 0.09 b | 1.81 ± 0.06 c | 2.27 ± 0.05 d |
| Dodecanol (μg/L) | 6.0 ± 0.1 a | 7.1 ± 0.1 b | 11.4 ± 0.1 c | 13.4 ± 0.2 d | 15.7 ± 0.1 e | 12.0 ± 0.1 c | 15.4 ± 0.1 e | 15.4 ± 0.9 e | 15.7 ± 0.1 e |
| ∑Carbonyl compounds (μg/L) | 20.9 ± 0.8 a | 31.0 ± 0.8 b | 36.8 ± 1.0 c | 40.4 ± 1.5 d | 52.0 ± 1.0 f | 32.7 ± 0.6 b | 41.4 ± 1.1 d | 46.9 ± 0.9 e | 50.5 ± 0.7 f |
| 4-propylbenzaldehyde (μg/L) | 6.7 ± 0.3 a | 8.9 ± 0.4 b | 13.2 ± 0.1 d | 15.1 ± 0.8 e | 25.5 ± 0.1 g | 11.4 ± 0.3 c | 16.0 ± 0.1 e | 20.3 ± 0.3 f | 20.5 ± 0.1 f |
| Geranyl acetone (μg/L) | 5.3 ± 0.1 a | 10.2 ± 0.1 c | 10.2 ± 0.7 c | 10.5 ± 0.3 c | 11.2 ± 0.3 d | 8.6 ± 0.1 b | 8.6 ± 0.1 b | 8.1 ± 0.4 b | 8.7 ± 0.1 b |
| Lily aldehyde (μg/L) | 4.4 ± 0.2 a | 6.4 ± 0.1 b | 7.0 ± 0.1 c | 7.7 ± 0.3 c | 7.2 ± 0.2 c | 6.5 ± 0.1 b | 9.8 ± 0.8 d | 9.8 ± 0.1 d | 10.1 ± 0.3 d |
| Hexyl cinnamaldehyde (μg/L) | 4.5 ± 0.2 a | 5.5 ± 0.2 b | 6.4 ± 0.1 c | 7.1 ± 0.1 d | 8.1 ± 0.4 e | 6.2 ± 0.1 c | 7.0 ± 0.1 d | 8.7 ± 0.1 e | 11.2 ± 0.2 f |
| ∑Terpenes (μg/L) | 69.4 ± 3.8 a | 100.7 ± 1.7 d | 110.8 ± 1.8 e | 131.3 ± 1.7 f | 134.1 ± 3.2 f | 84.9 ± 0.5 b | 95.8 ± 0.6 c | 102.9 ± 2.1 d | 114.4 ± 1.9 e |
| α-terpinolene (μg/L) | 15.9 ± 0.7 a | 28.6 ± 0.2 d | 29.3 ± 0.6 d | 35.8 ± 0.3 e | 35.5 ± 1.0 e | 21.8 ± 0.1 b | 22.2 ± 0.1 b | 23.8 ± 0.7 c | 24.1 ± 1.3 c |
| Nerol (μg/L) | 5.1 ± 0.1 a | 8.3 ± 0.2 d | 8.5 ± 0.1 d,e | 8.7 ± 0.1 e | 9.8 ± 0.1 f | 5.3 ± 0.1 a | 5.9 ± 0.1 b | 7.6 ± 0.2 c | 9.8 ± 0.2 f |
| β-citronellol (μg/L) | 24.2 ± 1.0 a | 30.7 ± 0.4 c | 35.6 ± 0.9 d | 44.6 ± 0.3 f | 47.5 ± 1.3 f | 25.5 ± 0.1 a | 26.4 ± 0.2 b | 30.5 ± 0.2 c | 37.1 ± 0.2 e |
| β-damascenone (μg/L) | 18.9 ± 1.9 a | 29.7 ± 0.8 c | 32.6 ± 0.1 d | 34.0 ± 0.9 d | 33.1 ± 0.6 d | 26.3 ± 0.1 b | 34.1 ± 0.1 d | 33.8 ± 0.9 d | 36.3 ± 0.1 e |
| Phenanthrene (μg/L) | 5.3 ± 0.1 c | 3.4 ± 0.1 a | 4.8 ± 0.1 b | 8.2 ± 0.1 f | 8.2 ± 0.2 f | 6.0 ± 0.1 d | 7.2 ± 0.1 e | 7.2 ± 0.1 e | 7.1 ± 0.1 e |
| ∑Esters (mg/L) | 1.83 ± 0.06 b | 1.77 ± 0.07 b | 2.03 ± 0.08 c | 2.27 ± 0.06 d | 2.59 ± 0.11 e | 1.59 ± 0.02 a | 1.88 ± 0.02 b | 2.02 ± 0.09 c | 2.28 ± 0.03 d |
| Ethyl hexanoate (μg/L) | 66.7 ± 2.4 f | 37.7 ± 0.4 c | 40.6 ± 0.5 d | 49.1 ± 0.8 e | 49.6 ± 0.9 e | 21.3 ± 1.5 a | 30.4 ± 0.2 b | 32.5 ± 0.7 b | 37.3 ± 0.1 c |
| Ethyl 4-hydroxybutanoate (μg/L) | 50.2 ± 0.9 f | 43.7 ± 1.5 e | 32.2 ± 0.8 c | 32.9 ± 0.7 c | 34.7 ± 0.3 d | 23.3 ± 0.1 b | 21.3 ± 0.4 a | 22.0 ± 0.2 a | 22.8 ± 0.4 a,b |
| Diethyl succinate (mg/L) | 0.73 ± 0.02 a | 1.01 ± 0.05 b | 1.17 ± 0.06 c | 1.18 ± 0.04 c | 1.44 ± 0.09 d | 0.95 ± 0.01 b | 1.21 ± 0.01 c | 1.22 ± 0.08 c | 1.44 ± 0.01 d |
| Ethyl octanoate (μg/L) | 210.7 ± 14.7 c | 151.4 ± 4.4 a | 155.9 ± 4.4 a | 177.2 ± 3.8 b | 174.5 ± 4.1 b | 151.0 ± 6.2 a | 151.8 ± 2.6 a | 162.5 ± 1.9 a,b | 164.6 ± 7.7 a,b |
| Ethyl hydrogen succinate (μg/L) | 183.0 ± 3.4 c | 158.4 ± 3.3 b | 200.3 ± 2.4 d | 334.6 ± 8.6 e | 361.3 ± 7.6 e | 114.3 ± 2.0 a | 112.7 ± 5.2 a | 204.3 ± 0.4 d | 211.3 ± 3.3 d |
| Phenethyl acetate (μg/L) | 72.3 ± 2.5 c | 52.3 ± 2.2 a | 73.9 ± 1.2 c | 83.9 ± 0.8 d | 91.5 ± 2.7 e | 51.5 ± 0.9 a | 63.9 ± 0.3 b | 70.8 ± 1.1 c | 83.8 ± 0.2 d |
| Ethyl decanoate (μg/L) | 73.4 ± 1.5 g | 36.9 ± 0.3 d | 36.9 ± 1.1 d | 40.1 ± 0.6 e | 46.7 ± 0.9 f | 27.0 ± 0.1 a | 30.2 ± 0.2 b | 32.7 ± 0.1 c | 33.6 ± 0.4 c |
| Ethyl vanillate (μg/L) | 7.2 ± 0.4 a | 8.4 ± 0.2 b | 9.7 ± 0.1 c | 14.9 ± 0.1 f | 14.6 ± 0.1 f | 9.5 ± 0.1 c | 10.7 ± 0.4 d | 11.7 ± 0.6 d | 13.5 ± 0.4 e |
| Ethyl laurate (μg/L) | 34.6 ± 0.7 e | 24.9 ± 1.1 b | 28.0 ± 0.7 c | 32.2 ± 0.2 d | 34.4 ± 0.7 e | 17.0 ± 0.1 a | 24.5 ± 0.1 b | 27.8 ± 0.6 c | 28.0 ± 0.1 c |
| Hexyl salicylate (μg/L) | 5.9 ± 0.2 a | 8.0 ± 0.1 b | 9.8 ± 0.1 c | 16.5 ± 0.1 f | 18.3 ± 0.6 g | 9.2 ± 0.1 c | 12.0 ± 0.2 d | 13.3 ± 0.1 e | 16.2 ± 0.1 f |
| Ethyl myristate (μg/L) | 27.5 ± 1.2 d | 16.1 ± 0.4 a | 33.2 ± 1.0 e | 43.7 ± 0.3 f | 44.5 ± 1.0 f | 16.6 ± 0.1 a | 16.9 ± 0.1 a | 19.8 ± 0.4 b | 22.5 ± 0.2 c |
| Diisobutyl phthalate (μg/L) | 103.4 ± 4.1 f | 21.7 ± 0.4 a | 25.0 ± 0.6 c | 27.3 ± 0.6 d | 29.9 ± 0.8 e | 23.2 ± 0.1 b | 23.5 ± 0.1 b | 25.3 ± 0.4 c | 24.4 ± 0.7 c |
| Ethyl pentadecanoate (μg/L) | 27.8 ± 0.3 d | 23.9 ± 0.2 c | 23.7 ± 0.3 c | 23.3 ± 0.2 c | 21.9 ± 0.7 b | 22.2 ± 0.3 b | 22.6 ± 0.1 b | 21.0 ± 0.5 a,b | 20.4 ± 0.1 a |
| Methyl palmitate (μg/L) | 28.6 ± 1.5 d | 21.5 ± 0.2 b | 21.9 ± 0.3 b | 22.9 ± 0.1 c | 23.0 ± 0.1 c | 18.6 ± 0.1 a | 19.0 ± 0.2 a | 18.1 ± 0.3 a | 18.6 ± 0.2 a |
| Dibutyl phthalate (μg/L) | 23.4 ± 0.7 a | 33.2 ± 0.3 d | 41.2 ± 0.3 e | 43.2 ± 0.6 f | 45.3 ± 1.2 g | 28.1 ± 0.1 b | 30.7 ± 0.1 c | 31.0 ± 0.4 c | 31.6 ± 0.6 c |
| Ethyl palmitate (μg/L) | 107.5 ± 0.9 e | 88.4 ± 0.8 c | 90.8 ± 0.9 d | 111.9 ± 1.3 f | 113.5 ± 0.7 f | 72.5 ± 0.3 a | 72.5 ± 0.4 a | 84.4 ± 0.2 b | 84.6 ± 0.2 b |
| Ethyl linoleate (μg/L) | 5.7 ± 0.2 a | 5.1 ± 0.2 a | 6.2 ± 0.4 b | 6.8 ± 0.1 b | 7.6 ± 0.2 c | 5.5 ± 0.1 a | 5.6 ± 0.1 a | 5.3 ± 0.1 a | 5.1 ± 0.4 a |
| Ethyl oleate (μg/L) | 21.8 ± 0.2 f | 14.4 ± 0.1 d | 13.0 ± 0.7 c | 14.8 ± 0.3 d | 15.7 ± 0.3 e | 13.7 ± 0.1 c | 11.7 ± 0.1 b | 10.1 ± 0.6 a | 10.3 ± 0.1 a |
| Ethyl stearate (μg/L) | 47.4 ± 1.9 e | 15.3 ± 0.3 c | 15.4 ± 0.7 c | 17.5 ± 0.1 d | 18.1 ± 0.7 d | 11.5 ± 0.5 b | 11.5 ± 0.1 b | 9.9 ± 0.2 a,b | 9.5 ± 0.1 a |
| ∑Volatile phenols (mg/L) | 1.76 ± 0.07 c,d | 1.57 ± 0.02 c | 1.64 ± 0.02 c | 1.85 ± 0.05 d | 1.85 ± 0.09 d | 1.18 ± 0.03 a | 1.19 ± 0.04 a | 1.24 ± 0.08 a,b | 1.37 ± 0.04 b |
| 4-ethylphenol (μg/L) | 624.8 ± 25.7 d | 193.9 ± 2.8 b | 193.8 ± 1.5 b | 224.5 ± 3.8 c | 225.3 ± 6.5 c | 182.9 ± 4.6 a | 186.1 ± 0.6 a | 189.7 ± 3.5 a | 196.7 ± 3.7 b |
| 4-ethylguaiacol (μg/L) | 20.9 ± 0.3 b | - | - | - | 12.9 ± 0.1 a | - | - | - | - |
| 2,4-Di-T-butylphenol (mg/L) | 1.11 ± 0.04 b | 1.38 ± 0.02 c | 1.45 ± 0.02 c | 1.63 ± 0.05 d | 1.62 ± 0.08 d | 1.00 ± 0.03 a | 1.00 ± 0.04 a | 1.05 ± 0.08 a,b | 1.17 ± 0.04 b |
Different superscript letters in the same row indicate statistical difference by ANOVA, Fisher’s (LSD) test (p < 0.05). “-” not detected. Abbreviations: W—initial wine; N—nanofiltration retentate; 1–2.5 MPa with cooling; 2–3.5 MPa with cooling; 3–4.5 MPa with cooling; 4–5.5 MPa with cooling; 5–2.5 MPa without cooling; 6–3.5 MPa without cooling; 7–4.5 MPa without cooling; 8–5.5 MPa without cooling.