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. 2021 Feb 4;7(2):116. doi: 10.3390/jof7020116

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Representation of Paracoccidioides spp. extracellular vesicles (EV). Several studies regarding proteomics, lipidomics, transcriptomics, and general EVs composition were performed in order to characterize Paracoccidioides spp. EVs composition and content. The secretory pathway can occur by conventional and unconventional release, however these mechanisms are not yet fully characterized in Paracoccidioides spp. The content and composition of EVs are distributed among (1) RNA (mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, small RNAs, and interference-RNAs); (2) carbohydrates (glucose, mannose, and galactose), including N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and mannan residues in EVs surface; (3) lipids (brassicasterol, ergosterol and lanosterol); and (4) proteins and enzymes involved with a myriad of signaling pathways and host immune system modulation.