Table 1.
Summary of PKCθ function and mode of action in various cancer types.
| Cancer Type | Biological Function | Mechanism of Action | Functional Localization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leukemia | Leukemogenesis | Activation of Notch3-PKCθ pathway | Membrane | [32] |
| ↗ NF-κB activity | ||||
| Immunosuppression | Unknown | Unknown | [30] | |
| Biomarker | Sort between B-ALL and T-ALL | - | [37] | |
| GIST | Proliferation | ↗ KIT and CyclinA; ↘ p27 and p21 | Cytoplasmic | [44,45,46] |
| Biomarker | Diagnosis of KIT-negative GIST | - | [40,41] | |
| Breast Cancer | Tumorigenesis | ↗ c-Rel activity | Cytoplasmic | [48] |
| Activation of AKT/FOXO3a pathway | ||||
| Migration & Invasion | ↗ FRA-1 protein stability and activity | Cytoplasmic | [50,53] | |
| Activation of ERK and SPAK pathways | ||||
| Activation of EMT genes transcription | Nuclear | [54,56,58] | ||
| Potential biomarker | High PKCθ expression in TNBC | - | [47,48,49] | |
| Tumor growth | Unknown | - | [61] | |
| Chemosensitivity | ↘ Bim | - | [60] | |
| Lung Cancer | Tumorigenesis | Activation of PKCθ/TBKBP1/TBK1 pathway | Cytoplasmic | [62] |
| Immunosuppression | PKCθ/TBKBP1/TBK1 pathway facilitates EGF induced PD-L1 expression | Cytoplasmic | [62] | |
| Renal Cancer | Anti-tumor & insulin resistance | Activation of HSF1 | Cytoplasmic | [63,64] |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Diagnosis marker | High nuclear PKCθ level | Nuclear | [66] |
| Ewing Sarcoma | Potential biomarker | High PKCθ expression | - | [68] |
| Ovarian Cancer | Unknown | Strong phospho-Ser695-PKCθ level | - | [67] |
B-ALL: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. T-ALL: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. TNBC: Triple Negative Breast Cancer.