| α-SMA | alpha-smooth muscle actin |
| BCE | blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| ER | estrogen receptor |
| GAPDH | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| HRT | Hormone-replacement therapy |
| MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
| OVX | ovariectomized |
| SEM | standard error of the mean |
| SMCs | smooth muscle cells |
| TIMP | tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase |
| VSMCs | vascular smooth muscle cells |
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