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Inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue. Cytokine levels of (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-12p70, (C) IL-17A, and (D) TNF-α were measured in colon tissue after the four-week study regimen. IL-1β, IL-12p70, and TNF-α were significantly lower in the treatment group (gray bar) than the control group (white bar). Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 7/group). * Indicates significant differences by unpaired t-test; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
