Table 1.
Characterization of the pre-dialysis patient population by CKD stages and the control group.
| Control (n = 18) |
Stage 1 (n = 27) |
Stage 2 (n = 16) |
Stage 3a (n = 14) |
Stage 3b (n = 22) |
Stage 4 (n = 29) |
Stage 5 (n = 12) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHIC DATA | |||||||
| Age (years), mean ± sd | 48.8 ± 8.4 | 46.5 ± 11.7 | 53.7 ± 14.8 | 56.6 ± 17.1 | 61.0 ± 14.7 | 65.4 ± 15.2 (p = 0.004) * |
65.2 ± 7.3 (p = 0.026) * |
| Gender (n, %) | 2 (11.1) | 9 (33.3) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (57.4) | 14 (63.6) | 13 (44.8) | 5 (41.7) |
| Body mass index mean ± sd | 25.3 ± 2.8 | 27.7 ± 4.2 | 30.1 ± 7.6 | 29.0 ± 4.7 | 30.2 ± 6.7 | 25.3 ± 4.8 | 30.8 ± 6.5 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 5 (31) | 3 (21) | 8 (36) | 12 (41) | 7 (58) |
| Hypertension n (%) | 1 (7) | 13 (48) | 13 (81) | 10 (71) | 21 (95) | 27 (93) | 12 (100) |
| Systolic blood pressure, (mmHg) | 125 ± 14 | 124 ± 15 | 134 ± 18 | 123 ± 13 | 139 ± 27 | 138 ± 21 | 133 ± 9 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 8 | 75 ± 13 | 75 ± 13 | 79 ± 11 | 76 ± 14 | 74 ± 13 | 76 ± 13 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71 ± 10 | 71 ± 14 | 73 ± 13 | 66 ± 13 | 68 ± 13 | 73 ± 12 | 73 ± 13 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (31) | 3 (21) | 10 (45) | 9 (31) | 5 (42) |
| CKD RELATED PARAMETERS | |||||||
| eGFR CKD-EPI (ml/min/1.73 m2) mean ± sd | 111.9 ±11.2 | 112.8 ± 2.9 | 70.1 ± 1.8 | 51.7 ± 1.1 | 38.3 ± 1.1 | 22.8 ± 0.9 | 12.1 ± 0.7 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) mean ± sd | 4.63 ± 0.18 | 4.72 ± 0.24 | 4.69 ± 0.29 | 4.76 ± 0.36 | 4.80 ± 0.28 | 4.62 ± 0.26 | 4.68 ± 0.33 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) mean ± sd | 3.28 ± 0.47 | 3.01 ± 0.37 | 2.96 ± 0.45 | 3.36 ± 0.51 | 3.47 ± 0.70 | 3.90 ± 0.61 (p = 0.003) * |
4.09 ± 0.54 (p = 0.001) * |
| Parathormone (pg/mL) mean ± sd | 45.4 ± 14.28 | 43.0 ± 16.4 | 70.3 ± 31.8 | 63.5 ± 23.1 | 86.0 ± 44.7 | 166.7 ± 154.3 (p < 0.001) * |
179.6 ± 96.2 (p = 0.001) * |
| Protein/creatinine ratio (mg/g), median (IQR) | 82.3 (65.0–117.0) | 252.0 (80.0–669.5) | 170.1 (85.3–780.1) | 462.0 (185.0–1035.4) | 329.2 (151.7–863.3) | 888.7 (362.0–1737.0) | 1199.0 (206.0–3975.0) (p = 0.020) * |
| ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, RHI score, mean ± sd |
2.09 ± 0.40 | 2.36 ± 0.77 †,‡ | 2.10 ± 0.59 | 2.14 ± 0.76 | 2.03 ± 0.62 | 1.71 ± 0.56 †
(p = 0.003) |
1.67 ± 0.38 ‡
(p = 0.033) |
| CARDIOVASCULAR RELATED PARAMETERS | |||||||
| Charlson Index score mean ± sd | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 2.3 (p = 0.043) * |
4.1 ± 3.1 (p < 0.001) * |
4.8 ± 2.3 (p < 0.001) * |
5.8 ± 2.3 (p < 0.001) * |
6.0 ± 2.2 (p < 0.001) * |
| Sedimentation velocity mean ± sd | 14 ± 13 | 27 ± 22 | 33 ± 25 | 28 ± 25 | 35 ± 23 | 54 ± 33 (p < 0.001) * |
58 ± 31 (p = 0.018) * |
| Albumin (g/dL) mean ± sd | 43.1 ± 2.6 | 41.7 ± 3.4 | 39.5 ± 4.1 (p = 0.010) * |
42.1 ± 4.9 | 39.1 ± 8.4 | 38.8 ± 4 (p = 0.050) * |
38.7 ± 3.6 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) mean ± sd | 174 ± 31 | 196 ± 36 | 179 ± 50 | 194 ± 36 | 172 ± 36 | 174 ± 40 | 198 ± 63 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) mean ± sd | 59 ± 14 | 55 ± 14 | 52 ± 14 | 53 ± 13 | 51 ± 15 | 48 ± 13 | 46 ± 18 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) mean ± sd | 82 ± 25 | 127 ± 97 | 142 ± 91 | 121 ± 37 | 121 ± 53 | 165 ± 82 | 341 ± 559 (p = 0.002) * |
| Acid uric mean ± sd | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 1.9 (p = 0.004) * |
6.8 ± 2.0 p < 0.001) * |
6.7 ± 1.3 (p < 0.001) * |
7.6 ± 1.5 (p < 0.001) * |
7.7 ± 2.5 (p < 0.001) * |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.4–2.8) | 2.0 (1.1–5.9) | 2.8 (1.1–9.6) | 3.3 (1.7–6.1) | 2.7 (1.3–6.1) | 1.9 (1.1–5.5) | 3.1 (1.1–23.0) |
| BNP (pg/mL) median (IQR) | 19.1 (10.0–30.2) | 26.7 (15.0–34.9) | 27.0 (17.0–69.5) | 84.0 (67.0–105.0) | 94.5 (74.8–159.2) | 145.5 (49.2–339.4) (p = 0.010) * |
46.0 (31.2–263.0) (p = 0.004) * |
| Left Ventricular Mass (g) mean ± sd | 139.6 ± 24.9 | 182.4 ± 35.2 | 271.9 ± 149.2 | 165.4 ± 73.9 | 217.9 ± 72.9 | 207.6 ± 56.7 | 212.7 ± 81.5 |
| Ejection Fraction (%) mean ± sd | 67 ± 5 | 60 ± 4 | 62 ± 9 | 63 ± 10 | 60 ± 6 | 56 ± 3 | 54 ± 24 |
* The p-value presented was the comparison between stages and control group using Dunnet post hoc test. † Comparison between stage 1 vs. 4. ‡ Comparison between stage 1 vs. 5.