Table 2.
Urinary parameters on the standardized Western-type, balanced mixed, and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (n = 10).
| Western-Type Diet |
Mixed Diet |
Vegetarian Diet |
WD vs. MD | WD vs. VD | MD vs. VD | Friedman Test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Value | p Value | p Value | p Value | |
| Volume (L/24 h) | 1.48 ± 0.38 | 2.30 ± 0.39 | 2.45 ± 0.76 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.557 | 0.001 |
| Density (g/cm3) | 1.015 ± 0.005 | 1.007 ± 0.002 | 1.007 ± 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.254 | <0.001 |
| pH | 5.95 ± 0.34 | 6.51 ± 0.22 | 6.80 ± 0.21 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Cystine (µmol/24 h) | 130.9 ± 35.0 | 96.8 ± 33.2 | 102.5 ± 56.3 | 0.131 | 0.064 | 0.695 | 0.046 |
| Cystine (µmol/L) | 96.4 ± 44.5 | 43.6 ± 18.0 | 46.1 ± 28.2 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.695 | <0.001 |
| Cysteine (µmol/24 h) | 72.5 ± 25.5 | 66.8 ± 39.2 | 61.5 ± 43.3 | 0.105 | 0.084 | 0.131 | 0.006 |
| Cystine-to-cysteine-ratio | 1.90 ± 0.55 | 1.94 ± 1.11 | 2.07 ± 0.98 | 0.922 | 1.000 | 0.922 | 0.974 |
| Sodium (mmol/24 h) | 176 ± 40 | 146 ± 13 | 102 ± 48 | 0.020 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
| Chloride (mmol/24 h) | 169 ± 39 | 139 ± 17 | 106 ± 43 | 0.049 | 0.010 | 0.020 | 0.046 |
| Potassium (mmol/24 h) | 60 ± 11 | 77 ± 16 | 110 ± 20 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mmol/24 h) | 4.48 ± 1.22 | 3.09 ± 1.39 | 2.46 ± 1.33 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Ammonium (mmol/24 h) | 38.7 ± 5.1 | 25.6 ± 6.4 | 18.7 ± 5.9 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Phosphate (mmol/24 h) | 35.4 ± 5.5 | 29.4 ± 3.5 | 25.2 ± 6.3 | 0.027 | 0.004 | 0.131 | 0.006 |
| Sulfate (mmol/24 h) | 22.5 ± 3.1 | 18.1 ± 1.9 | 16.1 ± 3.7 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.264 | 0.002 |
| Creatinine (mmol/24 h) | 16.88 ± 1.97 | 15.32 ± 1.31 | 13.77 ± 3.16 | 0.020 | 0.064 | 0.105 | 0.135 |
| AP Cystine (× 10−22) | 3.89 ± 2.01 | 1.42 ± 0.73 | 1.27 ± 0.94 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.557 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: AP, ion activity product; WD, Western-type diet; MD, balanced mixed diet; VD, balanced lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; SD, standard deviation.