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Glutamine metabolism in cancer. Glutamine synthesized by GS contributes to nucleotide synthesis. Glutamine is converted to glutamate by GLS, and glutamate is used for the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH) and amino acid. α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is converted from glutamate and replenishes tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, supporting the synthesis of diverse macromolecules. PC: pyruvate carboxylase, GLS: glutaminase, GS: glutamine synthetase, MSO: methionine sulfoximine.
