Table 2.

Diverse roles of GS in TMEs.

TME Cell Type	GS Expression	Role of GS	Experimental Models	References
TAMs	High	GS maintains M2 macrophage phenotype by suppressing the accumulation of succinate and HIF1α GS supports vascularization and metastasis of cancer cells	Lewis lung carcinoma implanted GLUL conditional knockout mice	[61]
Microglial cells	High	GS modulates inflammatory responses GS ablation in microglia increases inflammatory responses	Microglial-specific GLUL conditional knockout mice, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis	[60]
GBM astrocytes	High	Astrocytes synthesize gln via GS and provide gln to GSlow GBM cells, supporting cell proliferation	Co-culture of rat primary cortical astrocytes and GBM cells	[17]
OVC CAFs	High	GS supports gln catabolism in OVC cells via crosstalk between CAFs and OVC Co-targeting of stromal GS and cancer GLS significantly suppresses tumor growth	Orthotopic mouse model	[46]
ALL adipocytes	High	GS protects ALL cells from L-asparaginase by supplying gln	Co-culture of leukemic cells with adipocytes, Leukemic mouse model	[62]