Table 3.
Studies on the use of BoNT-A therapy in Raynaud phenomenon.
| First Author [Ref.], year | Type of Study | n | BoNT-A Doses/Hand | Follow-Up | Retreatment | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintana Castanedo [84], 2020 | Prospective | 8 | _ | _ | No | Reduction in pain and in the frequency of RP episodes (7 patients) any changes (1 patient) |
| Winter [83], 2020 | Case series | 4 | 40–300 | 3–21 | Yes (50%) | Improved up to one year after treatment. |
| Dhaliwal [89], 2019 | Prospective | 40 | 100 across both hands reconstituted with 2 mL of normal saline by a single surgeon | 6–12 | no | Improved (Colour change and pain, swelling reduction) |
| Berk-Krauss [82], 2018 | Case report | 1 | 20 | 1, 3, 6 weeks | no | Improved pain Ulceration healed |
| Medina [79], 2018 | Retrospective | 15 | 100 botulinum toxin units type A in 5 mL of saline serum to 0.9% (dilution: 20 IU/mL). | 1 week 1, 3, 6, 12 months |
no | Improved pain Ulceration healed (70%) |
| Dhaliwal [81], 2018 | Case reports | 3 | 10 | 6 weeks | no | Improved (pain, colour changes and cold intolerance) Thermographic imaging assessed |
| Bello [86], 2017 | RCT doubleblind; placebo | 40 | 50 units in 2.5 mL | 1, 4 months | no | Improved (pain) No changes in blod flow. Moor LDI2-IR scanner assessed) |
| Motegi [94], 2017 | Randomized trial single-blind no placebo |
45 | 250, 1000 or 2000 (U) of BoNT-B |
16 weeks | No | Improved (pain, DU) |
| Motegi [90], 2016 | Prospective, case series | 10 | 10 U/finger | 16 weeks | No | Improved (pain, DU, skin temperature) |
| Zhao [80], 2015 | Case series | 2 | 200–280 | 1 week, 5 months | No | Improved (pain, colour change, skin temperature) |
| Uppal [92], 2014 | Prospective | 20 | 100 U | 6 months | No | Improved (pain with VAS, DU) |
| Jenkins [85], 2013 | RCT pilot; doubleblind; placebo | 8 | 40 U | – | No | Increase in digital pulp temperature |
| Todberg [95], 2018 | Case report | 1 | 100 U | – | No | Patient reported improvement in pain and DU |
| Neumeister [96], 2010 Neumeister [78], 2009 | Retrospective case series | 33 | 50 U | 1–6 years | Yes (21%) | 100% of DU healed, relief in 85% of patients |
| Fregene [87], 2009 | Retrospective case series | 26 | 20, 100 U | 18 months | Yes (20%) | 48% of DU healed, 35% pain reduction (VAS) |
| Kossintseva [93], 2008 | Case report | 1 | 100 U | 12 months | No | Pain decreased, DU not reported |
| Van Beek [77], 2007 | Retrospective case series | 11 | 50, 200 U | 9.6 months | Yes (45%) | 100% decrease in pain (VAS), 82% of DU healed |
| Sycha [76], 2004 | Pilot to RCT, case report | 2 | 12, 300 U | – | No | 37% pain reduced in 1 patient (VAS), other unknown |