Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical variables.
| Mediterranean Diet n = 21 |
Bariatric Surgery n = 22 |
VLCKD n = 18 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 10/11 | 9/13 | 8/10 |
| Age (years) | 64.0 (4.7) a | 47.5 (5.5) b | 42.6 (10.8) c |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| Pre | 88.1 (11.2) a | 128.5 (17.4) b | 93.1 (10.2) a |
| Post | 80.3 (10.9) *** | 104.6 (13.2) *** | 80.2 (7.4) *** |
| Change | −7.8 (1.9) a | −23.9 (7.5) b | −12.9 (3.0) c |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Pre | 33.4 (3.3) a | 45.0 (5.0) b | 33.0 (1.4) a |
| Post | 30.6 (3.3) *** | 37.3 (4.3) *** | 28.5 (1.3) *** |
| Change | −2.7 (0.9) a | −7.9 (2.0) b | −4.5 (0.7) c |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Pre | 112.0 (8.1) a | 131.7 (11.1) b | 110.4 (6.5) a |
| Post | 104.2 (8.1) *** | 116.9 (9.2) *** | 97.8 (6.6) *** |
| Change | −7.7 (2.5) a | −15.9 (5.6) b | −12.5 (4.4) c |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | |||
| Pre | 106.2 (18.9) a | 112.7 (33.8) a | 87.2 (9.4) b |
| Post | 100.3 (10.3) | 88.4 (12.6) *** | 83.1 (9.2) |
| Change | −5.9 (17.4) a | −24.0 (27.5) b | −4.0 (10.8) a |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| Pre | 213.3 (32.6) a | 191.4 (22.4) b | 203.9 (31.6) ab |
| Post | 198.2 (35.6) * | 186.3 (23.6) | 185.8 (30.0) * |
| Change | −10.7 (25.9) | −3.3 (20.7) | −18.0 (29.3) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | |||
| Pre | 155.1 (45.2) | 206.2 (181.4) | 137.1 (63.2) |
| Post | 119.7 (46.3) ** | 123 (38.7) ** | 83.1 (23.9) ** |
| Change | −32.7 (37.4) | −85.4 (170.5) | −54.0 (59.2) |
| HDL-chol (mg/dL) | |||
| Pre | 51.3 (12.7) | 45.6 (10.1) | 53.5 (13.1) |
| Post | 56.2 (13.2) * | 45.9 (9.8) | 53.2 (12.7) |
| Change | 5.3 (9.3) | 0.1 (8.5) | 0.7 (7.4) |
| LDL-chol (mg/dL) | |||
| Pre | 131.1 (31.6) | 109.5 (23.4) | 125.4 (30.5) |
| Post | 118.0 (33.6) * | 115.8 (21.5) | 116.0 (27.3) |
| Change | −9.7 (21.8) a | 8.4 (23.4) b | −7.2 (24.4) a |
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| Pre | 5.8 (0.5) a | 5.9 (0.9) a | 5.3 (0.2) b |
| Post | 5.5 (0.2) *** | 5.3 (0.3) ** | 5.1 (0.2) |
| Change | −0.3 (0.3) | −0.5 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.2) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | |||
| Pre | 138.2 (12.4) | 140 (22.2) | 129.4 (16.5) |
| Post | 132.1 (13.0) | 132.4 (21.7) * | 118.3 (11.9) ** |
| Change | −6.0 (13.5) | −6.7 (20.9) | −11.0 (10.8) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | |||
| Pre | 75.7 (10.2) a | 85.8 (10.8) b | 79.5 (7.4) a |
| Post | 73.7 (10.8) | 82.1 (12.9) | 74.3 (8.7) * |
| Change | −2.0 (7.9) | −4.2 (14.3) | −5.1 (7.7) |
| Ketone bodies (mmol/L) | |||
| Pre | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.72) |
| Post | 0.25 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.25) | 0.67 (1.09) * |
| Change | 0.04 (0.14) a | 0.006 (0.25) a | 0.24 (0.45) b |
| CRP (mg/dL) | |||
| Pre | 1.63 (1.54) a | 6.61 (4.16) b | 3.80 (3.64) c |
| Post | 1.63 (1.60) | 4.89 (3.93) ** | 3.19 (2.57) |
| Change | −0.004 (1.57) a | −1.72 (3.56) b | −0.12 (1.65) ab |
| Zonulin (ng/mL) | |||
| Pre | 259.3 (63.4) | 274.8 (42.1) | 302.1 (144.1) |
| Post | 243.3 (86.8) | 295.6 (59.5) | 379.4 (188.5) * |
| Change | −16.0 (70.4) a | 20.8 (56.5) ab | 66.9 (120.5) b |
Results as given as mean (standard deviation). BMI: Body mass index. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. CRP: C reactive protein. Differences between the groups were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA followed by a Duncan’s post hoc test. Values with different uppercase letters (a,b,c) indicate statistically significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05) at Duncan’s test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to calculate differences between baseline and the end of the intervention: *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.