Table 1.
The socioeconomic, lifestyle and health indicators for the four groups according to type 2 diabetes prevalence trends (G0 to G3)* in 1991, 2004 and 2017
| 1991 |
2004 |
2017 |
P-trend† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
|||
|
G0 (20 countries, in which the T2DM prevalence trends decrease or did not change)* | ||||||||
| Age-standardised prevalence of T2DM (per 100 000) |
4952.1 |
1574.3 |
5237.9 |
1788.4 |
5231.7 |
1598.7 |
0.6465 |
|
| Population (1 000 000 people) |
33.4 |
50.2 |
39.0 |
53.0 |
43.5 |
57.5 |
0.6091 |
|
| Aging rate (%) |
8.2 |
4.2 |
9.8 |
5.2 |
11.6 |
6.6 |
0.0997 |
|
| Gross domestic product (US$1000/capita) |
7.9 |
10.0 |
9.1 |
12.7 |
14.7 |
16.8 |
0.1857 |
|
| Age-standardised education (year) |
8.0 |
3.8 |
9.3 |
3.6 |
10.4 |
3.4 |
0.0637 |
|
| Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
127.7 |
2.7 |
128.4 |
3.5 |
128.3 |
3.3 |
0.6050 |
|
| Age-standardised smoking prevalence (%) |
20.6 |
8.3 |
19.1 |
8.6 |
16.7 |
8.1 |
0.1999 |
|
| Age-standardised total physical activity (MET-min/week/1000) |
5.1 |
1.8 |
5.9 |
2.2 |
6.0 |
2.2 |
0.2495 |
|
| Mean body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.6 |
1.6 |
25.3 |
1.7 |
26.0 |
1.7 |
0.0167 |
|
| Energy supply (kcal/d/capita) |
2.6 |
0.5 |
2.8 |
0.5 |
2.9 |
0.4 |
0.0786 |
|
| Alcohol supply (ethanol g/d/capita) |
143.5 |
112.1 |
118.7 |
85.5 |
127.1 |
81.8 |
0.6206 |
|
|
G1 (39 countries, in which the T2DM prevalence trends slight increase)* | ||||||||
| Age-standardised prevalence of type 2 diabetes (per 100 000) |
5105.7 |
1633.5 |
5524.2 |
1545.0 |
5950.5 |
1486.6 |
0.0233 |
|
| Population (1 000 000 people) |
28.0 |
30.4 |
29.2 |
36.1 |
33.8 |
44.6 |
0.5238 |
|
| Aging rate (%) |
6.8 |
4.5 |
8.9 |
5.5 |
11.3 |
6.5 |
0.0007 |
|
| Gross domestic product (US$ 1000/capita) |
6.1 |
9.4 |
11.2 |
14.6 |
17.0 |
19.0 |
0.0026 |
|
| Age-standardised education (year) |
7.3 |
3.1 |
9.0 |
3.2 |
10.2 |
3.0 |
0.0001 |
|
| Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
128.6 |
5.1 |
128.9 |
4.9 |
129.0 |
4.5 |
0.6898 |
|
| Age-standardised smoking prevalence (%) |
20.4 |
8.4 |
18.7 |
7.4 |
17.1 |
6.7 |
0.0693 |
|
| Age-standardised total physical activity (MET-min/week/1000) |
6.0 |
1.8 |
6.0 |
1.7 |
6.1 |
1.7 |
0.6815 |
|
| Mean body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.3 |
1.9 |
25.1 |
2.0 |
25.7 |
2.0 |
0.0028 |
|
| Energy supply (kcal/d/capita) |
2.7 |
0.6 |
2.9 |
0.5 |
3.0 |
0.5 |
0.0072 |
|
| Alcohol supply (ethanol g/d/capita) |
114.7 |
123.1 |
138.7 |
118.4 |
149.8 |
106.1 |
0.2060 |
|
|
G2 (39 countries, in which the T2DM prevalence trends moderate increase)* | ||||||||
| Age-standardised prevalence of type 2 diabetes (per 100 000) |
4921.4 |
1422.3 |
6028.4 |
1639.7 |
6592.1 |
1602.9 |
<0.0001 |
|
| Population (1 000 000 people) |
80.1 |
258.1 |
76.7 |
268.5 |
88.4 |
300.9 |
0.9025 |
|
| Aging rate (%) |
5.9 |
4.5 |
6.9 |
5.2 |
8.1 |
6.5 |
0.0923 |
|
| Gross domestic product (US$ 1000/capita) |
4.7 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
13.4 |
10.9 |
17.0 |
0.0654 |
|
| Age-standardised education (year) |
5.4 |
3.7 |
7.2 |
4.1 |
8.4 |
4.0 |
0.0017 |
|
| Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
128.2 |
3.8 |
129.3 |
3.7 |
129.8 |
3.2 |
0.0712 |
|
| Age-standardised smoking prevalence (%) |
16.2 |
8.7 |
15.9 |
8.0 |
14.3 |
7.2 |
0.3158 |
|
| Age-standardised total physical activity (MET-min/week/1000) |
5.3 |
1.6 |
5.7 |
1.8 |
5.8 |
1.7 |
0.2368 |
|
| Mean body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.2 |
1.9 |
24.1 |
2.0 |
24.8 |
2.0 |
0.0011 |
|
| Energy supply (kcal/d/capita) |
2.5 |
0.6 |
2.6 |
0.5 |
2.8 |
0.4 |
0.0107 |
|
| Alcohol supply (ethanol g/d/capita) |
79.2 |
122.3 |
94.1 |
133.6 |
101.8 |
125.2 |
0.4665 |
|
|
G3 (41 countries, in which the T2DM prevalence trends large increase)* | ||||||||
| Age-standardised prevalence of type 2 diabetes (per 100 000) |
5824.1 |
1347.6 |
7100.4 |
1560.4 |
8203.1 |
1668.4 |
<0.0001 |
|
| Population (1 000 000 people) |
30.2 |
54.8 |
31.7 |
58.9 |
37.6 |
67.9 |
0.6026 |
|
| Aging rate (%) |
5.1 |
4.1 |
6.5 |
4.7 |
7.4 |
5.8 |
0.0497 |
|
| Gross domestic product (US$1000/capita) |
5.2 |
8.6 |
6.9 |
12.8 |
9.5 |
15.1 |
0.1405 |
|
| Age-standardised education (year) |
5.2 |
3.2 |
7.3 |
3.3 |
8.6 |
3.0 |
<0.0001 |
|
| Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
129.2 |
3.7 |
129.6 |
3.5 |
130.0 |
3.5 |
0.3148 |
|
| Age-standardised smoking prevalence (%) |
15.3 |
7.9 |
14.2 |
7.0 |
13.8 |
7.2 |
0.3703 |
|
| Age-standardised total physical activity (MET-min/week/1000) |
4.8 |
1.3 |
5.3 |
1.8 |
5.4 |
1.7 |
0.0936 |
|
| Mean body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.7 |
1.6 |
24.8 |
1.6 |
25.5 |
1.8 |
<0.0001 |
|
| Energy supply (kcal/d/capita) |
2.5 |
0.5 |
2.7 |
0.5 |
2.8 |
0.5 |
0.0063 |
|
| Alcohol supply (ethanol g/d/capita) | 78.2 | 121.8 |
73.4 | 103.5 | 76.6 | 90.0 | 0.9450 | |
MET – metabolic equivalent, T2DM – type 2 diabetes mellitus, SD – standard deviation
*Based on the slopes according to the year from 1990 to 2017 for age-standardised prevalence of type 2 diabetes evaluated using a general linear model; 139 countries were classified as decrease or no change (G0), slight increase (G1), moderate increase (G2) and large increase (G3).
†The annual trends from 1990 to 2017 were tested using a generalised linear model.