Table 1.
Characteristics all included studies which contributed to the meta-analysis (n = 16).
| Author, and year | Study Setting/Design | N | Age M (SD) |
Sex (% female) | BP Methods | SBP M (SD) | DBP M (SD) | %HT | %AHT | Brain Region | Magnet/Segmentation | Covariates | Meta-Analysis of: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkan et al. 2019 [29] | The Baependi Heart Study/Cross-sectional | 164 | 60.1 (7.8) | 59.1 | Occasional | 129.6 (16.9) | 79.5 (19.2) | 54.5 | NR | WMLs | 1.5 T/Semi-automated | Age, education, BMI, WC, cholesterol, FBG, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, SBP, DBP, effect of sex and number of MetS | SBP and WMLs (cross-sectional) |
| DeCarli et al. 1995 [43] | Cross-sectional/National Institute on Aging | 51 | 52 (20) | 49 | Occasional | 124 (14) | 78 (9) | 0 | NR | WMLs | 0.5 T/NR | Age and education | SBP and WMLs (cross-sectional) |
| Den Heijer et al. 2005 [44] | Rotterdam Study/Cross-sectional and Longitudinal | 511 | 73.4 (8) | 49.1 | Occasional | 145.8 (20.3) | 76.5 (11.6) | NR | 38.9 | HCV, Amygdala | 1.5 T/Manual | Age, sex and CVD factors | DBP and HCV (cross-sectional) |
| Dickie et al. 2016 [45] | Community dwelling/Cross-sectional and longitudinal (~2 years) | 681 | 72.7 (0.7) | 47 | Occasional | 146 (18) | 79 (9) | 48.2 | NR | WMLs | 1.5 T/Semi-automated | Sex, BMI, and CVD history | SBP and WMLs (cross-sectional and longitudinal) |
| Habes et al. 2016 [20] | SHIP study/Cross-sectional | 2367 | 52.4 (13.7) | 56.7 | Occasional | 127.3 (17.6) | NR | NR | 32.7 | WMLs | NR/Semi-automated | Age, sex and education | SBP and WMLs (cross-sectional) |
| Haring et al. 2019 [48] | Women’s Health Initiative/Longitudinal (~ 8 years) |
558 | 78.3 (3.6) | 100 | Variability | 122 (1) | 73 (7) | 48 | NR | Regional GM | 3 T/Semi-automated | Age, education, APOE4 allele | (SBP, DBP) and TBV/ (SBP, DBP) and HCV (longitudinal) |
| Ikram et al. 2008 [22] | Rotterdam study/Cross-sectional | 490 | 73.4 (7.9) | 50.8 | Occasional | NR | NR | 51 | 0 | TBV, GM, WM | 1.5 T/Manual: TR was blinded to information | Age and sex. | (SBP, DBP) and TBV (cross-sectional) |
| Lane et al. 2019 [5] | NSHD/Cross-sectional and Longitudinal | 441 | 36 | 49 | Occasional and changes | 120.2 (13.7) | 78.4 (9.5) | 16 | 2 | TBV, HCV WMLs, |
automated 3 T/Semi-automated |
Sex, APOE ε4 status, AHT medication, and BP at 69 years of age. | SBP, DBP) and TBV/(SBP, DBP) and HCV (Cross-sectional and Longitudinal) |
| 441 | 43 | 49 | Occasional and changes | 123.5 (13.7) | 80 (9.3) | 52 | 28 | ||||||
| 441 | 53 | 49 | Occasional and changes | 133.5 (19) |
83.1 (11.8) | 46 | 12 | ||||||
| 441 | 60-64 | 49 | Occasional and changes | 124.9 (16.9) | 77.4 (9.5) | 22 | 2 | ||||||
| 441 | 69 | 49 | Occasional and changes | 120.2 (13.7) | 78.4 (9.5) | 16 | 2 | ||||||
| Launer et al. 2015 [52] | CARDIA/Cross-sectional | 680 | 50.3 (3.5) | 52.2 | Occasional | 139.9 (1.5) | 79.5 (0.9) | 32.2 | NR | TBV | 3 T/Semi-automated | Age, sex, and race. | (SBP, DBP) and TBV (Cross-sectional) |
| McNeil et al. 2018 [26] | Aberdeen 1936 Birth Cohort/Cross-sectional | 227 | 64.5 (0.8) | 52 | Occasional | 139.9 (1.5) | 79.5 (0.9) | NR | 45 | HCV | 1.5 T/Semi-automated | Age, sex, and AHT medication | SBP, DBP and HCV (Cross-sectional) |
| Power et al. 2016 [28] | ARIC study/Cross-sectional and Longitudinal (~15 and ~24 years) | 1678 | 52.0 | 61 | Occasional | 130 (5.9) | 66 (3.6) | 23.0 | 72.0 | TBV, HCV, brain lobes | 3 T/Semi-automated | Age, sex, race, education, ICV, BMI, DM, cholesterol, and smoking status | (SBP, DBP) and TBV /(SBP, DBP) and HCV (Cross-sectional and Longitudinal) |
| Scott et al. 2015 [31] | ADNI/Cross-sectional | 150 | 73.7 (6.3) | 48.7 | Occasional | 136 (16) | 75 (10) | 44.0 | NR | WMLs | 3 T/NR | Age | SBP and WMLs (Cross-sectional) |
| Verhaaren et al. 2013 [36] | Rotterdam Study/Cross-sectional and longitudinal | 665 | 61.6 (5) | 52 | Occasional | 138 (19) | 78 (10) | 25.9 | 22 | WMLs | 1.5 T/Semi-automated | Age, sex, and ICV, CVD factors | SBP and WMLs (Cross-sectional) |
| White et al. 2011 [61] | Community dwelling/Longitudinal (~2 years) | 72 | 82.1 (3.9) | 56.9 | Occasional | 122 (1.3) | 73 (7) | 70 | 64.0 | WMLs | 3 T/Semi-automated | Age and LDL cholesterol levels, | SBP and WMLs (longitudinal) |
| Wolfson et al. 2013 [39] | Community dwelling/Cross-sectional and Longitudinal (~2 years) | 67 | 81.7 (3.9) | 61.0 | ASBP | 138 (14) | 69 (7) | NR | 69.0 | WMLs | 3 T/Semi-automated | Age, sex, and BMI or education | SBP and WMLs (Cross-sectional and longitudinal) |
| Yano et al. 2017 [62] | CARDIA/Longi-tudinal (~2 years) | 547 | 25.6 (3.4) | 53.9 | Variability | 123.2 (12.2) | 73.4 (8.5) | 51.8 | 21.2 | TBV, GM, WM, HCV | 3 T/Semi-automated | Age, sex, ICV, AHT medications, education, fasting glucose, smoking, and physical activity and BMI | SBP and HCV (longitudinal) |
M = mean; SD = standard deviation; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; ASBP = ambulatory systolic blood pressure; ABP = ambulatory blood pressure; WMLs = white matter lesions; TBV = total brain volume; GM = grey matter; WM = white matter; HCV = hippocampal volume; ICV = intra-cranial volume; IPFC = lateral prefrontal cortex, pFWM = prefrontal white matter. CVD = cardiovascular disease; HT = Hypertension; ATH=antihypertensive; BMI = body mass index; DM = diabetes mellitus; WC = waist circumference, FBG = fasting blood glucose; APOE e4 = Apolipoprotein E; HDL-C = High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, MetS = metabolic syndrome; SES = socioeconomic status; T = tesla; ADNI = The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, ARIC = The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study; CARDIA = Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; NSHD = National Survey of Health and Development; HIP = Study of Health in Pomerania; TR = clinically trained.