Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants. Data are given as mean ± standard deviation.
| Characteristic | NGT | GDM | p-Value (*) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 32.3 ± 3.0 | 37.0 ± 3.7 | 0.11 |
| Gestational age (weeks) ** | 28.5 ± 1.0 | 28.8 ± 1.3 | 0.35 |
| Pregestational BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 2.3 | 28 ± 5 | 0.39 |
| BMI (kg/m2) ** | 28 ± 1.8 | 30.4 ± 4.3 | 0.39 |
| Relative weight gain (kg/week) ** | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 0.20 |
| Weight gain between time points (kg/m2) | 1.25 ± 0.77 | 0.53 ± 0.85 | 0.20 |
| HPA Index ** | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 7.76 ± 0.47 | 0.20 |
| Parity (nulli-/multiparous) | 3/1 | 1/3 | 0.15 |
| C reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.47 ± 0.38 | 0.69 ± 0.4 | 0.38 |
| HbA1c ** | 5 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ±0.1 | 0.03 |
| HbA1c increase between time points | 0.23 ± 0.19 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.20 |
| Neonatal birth weight (g) | 3350 ± 272 | 3073 ± 584 | 0.39 |
* Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test was performed, as sample size was small; for parity, a chi squared test was performed. ** collected at baseline measurement timepoint. NGT: mothers with normal glucose tolerance, GDM: mothers with gestational diabetes, BMI: body mass index, HPA: habitual physical activity.