Table 2.
Frequency of cognitive outcomes assessed and the direction of change.
| Outcomes | Frequency n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Included Studies * | Improvement ** | No Change ** | Mixed ** | |
| Cognitive flexibility | 7 (11.7) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | |
| Cognitive control | 15 (25) | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.3) | |
| Working Memory | 8 (13.3) | 7 (87.5) | 0 | 1 (12.5) |
| Attention | 37 (61.7) | 30 (81.1) | 6 (16.2) | 1 (2.7) |
| Language | 5 (8.3) | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | |
| Cognitive performance | 1 (1.7) | 1 (100) | 0 | |
| Cognitive process | 2 (3.3) | 2 (100) | 0 | |
| Planning | 3 (5) | 3 (100) | 0 | |
| Academic Achievement | 4 (6.7) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | |
| Academic Engagement | 2 (3.3) | 2 (100) | 0 | |
| Academic Performance | 3 (5) | 3 (100) | 0 | |
| Fluid intelligence | 1 (1.7) | 1 (100) | 0 | |
| Alertness and Speed | 4 (6.7) | 4 (100) | 0 | |
* The percentage indicates the proportion of included studies that assessed each of the listed cognitive outcomes; ** The percentage indicates the proportion of included studies that showed improvement, no change, or mixed results when the study assessed the relevant outcome.