Table 3.
Frequency of cognitive outcomes assessed in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), cerebral palsy (CP), and Down syndrome, and the direction of change.
| ADHD | ASD | CP | Down Syndrome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes (Total Number of Studies) |
Frequency n (%) |
Number of Positive Results | Frequency n (%) |
Number of Positive Results | Frequency n (%) |
Number of Positive Results | Frequency n (%) |
Number of Positive Results |
| Cognitive flexibility (7 studies) |
3 (42.8) | 3 | 2 (28.6) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1(14.3) | 0 |
| Cognitive control (15 studies) |
4 (26.7) | 4 | 4 (26.7) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1(6.7) | 1 |
| Working Memory (8 studies) |
4 (50) | 4 | 1 (12.5) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1(12.5) | 0 |
| Attention (37 studies) |
19 (51.4) | 16 | 9 (24.3) | 6 | 3 (8.1) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Language (5 studies) |
1 (20) | 1 | 2 (40) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1(20) | 1 |
| Cognitive performance (1 study) |
1 (100) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Cognitive process (2 studies) |
2 (100) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Planning (3 studies) |
1 (33.3) | 1 | 2 (66.7) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Academic Achievement (4 studies) |
1 (25) | 1 | 1(25) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Academic Engagement (2 studies) |
0 (0) | 0 | 2 (100) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Academic Performance (3 studies) |
2 (66.6) | 2 | 1 (33.3) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Fluid intelligence (1 study) |
1 (100) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Alertness and Speed (4 studies) |
0 (0) | 0 | 1 (25) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0 | 2 (50) | 2 |