Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by sitting time (n = 4276).
| Sitting Time | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| <8 h (n = 1842) |
≥8 h (n = 2434) |
p Value * | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 876 (47.9) | 1013 (40.2) | <0.001 |
| Female | 966 (52.1) | 1421 (59.8) | |
| Age category, mean (SE) | 71.68 (0.14) | 73.49 (0.14) | <0.001 |
| 65–69 | 731 (41.0) | 701 (29.0) | |
| 70–74 | 548 (27.4) | 632 (24.3) | <0.001 |
| 75–79 | 373 (21.1) | 601 (25.1) | |
| 80–84 | 190 (10.5) | 500 (21.7) | |
| Obesity | |||
| No (BMI <25 kg/m2) | 1186 (66.2) | 1443 (59.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) | 650 (33.8) | 964 (40.6) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 11 (0.4) | 21 (0.9) | 0.069 |
| Married | 1831 (99.6) | 2413 (99.1) | |
| Household income level | |||
| Low | 790 (43.0) | 1204 (49.1) | |
| Lower middle | 551 (28.7) | 618 (25.3) | <0.001 |
| Upper middle | 309 (17.8) | 334 (13.9) | |
| High | 185 (10.4) | 266 (11.7) | |
| Educational levels | |||
| Elementary school | 1023 (54.1) | 1423 (58.5) | |
| Middle school | 304 (17.2) | 340 (13.8) | 0.011 |
| High school | 326 (18.5) | 411 (16.4) | |
| College or higher | 181 (10.2) | 254 (11.3) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Office work | 63 (3.6) | 94 (4.1) | |
| Sales and Service | 119 (6.3) | 98 (4.1) | |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishery | 235 (10.6) | 149 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Machine fitting and simple labor | 335 (18.8) | 352 (14.3) | |
| Unemployed, housewife, or student | 1083 (60.7) | 1736 (72.2) | |
| Physical activity | |||
| Inactive | 1135 (60.5) | 1801 (74.3) | <0.001 |
| Active | 707 (39.5) | 633 (25.7) | |
| Current smoking status | |||
| No | 1654 (89.9) | 2213 (91.6) | 0.098 |
| Yes | 181 (10.1) | 214 (8.4) | |
| Alcohol use | |||
| No | 1115 (60.5) | 1637 (66.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 721 (39.5) | 789 (33.1) | |
| Number of chronic diseases a | |||
| 0 | 972 (54.1) | 1087 (44.6) | |
| 1 | 299 (16.4) | 417 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| ≥2 | 570 (29.5) | 930 (38.3) | |
| EQ-5D index, mean(SE) | 0.91 (0.003) | 0.86 (0.004) | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D dimensions b | |||
| Mobility c | 541 (28.0) | 1053 (42.8) | <0.001 |
| Self-care c | 116 (5.7) | 325 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Usual activities c | 220 (10.9) | 627 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Pain/discomfort c | 554 (28.8) | 1048 (42.4) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety/depression c | 212 (10.3) | 412 (16.0) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as numbers (standard error; SE) or number (%); columns total 100%. * p-values were obtained from two-sample t-tests or chi-square tests. a Number of chronic diseases including cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, thyroid gland disorder, chronic renal failure, and chronic hepatitis B. b EQ-5D-3L includes five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. c Each dimension was categorized as “having problems” or “having no problems,” and subjects reported problems related to their health-related quality of life. BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 dimension.