Table 3.

Survival of gram-positive bacteria.

Pathogen	Material (Cluster)	Survival (Range)	References
Bacillus subtilis	Polycarbonate membrane filters	>200 days	[86]
Clostridioides difficile	Stainless steel	>6 weeks	[87]
	glass	15 min	[88,89]
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	Dust	102 days	[90]
Enterococcus casseliflavus	Cloths	15–>90 days	[91]
	Plastics	>90 days	[91]
Enterococcus gallinarum	Cloths	28–>90 days	[91]
	Plastics	>90 days	[91]
Enterococcus faecium	Cloths	22–>90 days	[91,92]
	Glass	>77 days	[93]
	Plastics	1–>16 weeks	[91,94]
	Stainless steel	>6 weeks	[87]
	Countertop	>7 days	[95]
Enterococcus faecalis	Cloths	1–>90 days	[91,96,97]
	Glass	>77 days	[93]
	Plastics	1–>16 weeks	[91,94]
	Other surfaces	5 days–3 weeks	[97,95]
Listeria monocytogenes	Stainless steel	1–>91 days	[98,99,100,101]
	Plastic	>180 min–>10 days	[98,102,103]
	Wood	>180 min	[102]
	Cardboard	>48 h	[103]
Micrococcus luteus	Cotton lint	>1 day	[96]
	Polycarbonate membrane filters	120 days	[86]
Staphylococcus aureus	Cloths	1–>70 days	[91,92,96,97,104]
	Plastics	21 days–>3 years	[91,105,106,107,108]
	Stainless steel	6 h–> 6 weeks	[87,109,110]
	Copper alloys	30 min–>6 h	[109]
	Glass	15–25 days	[111]
	Flooring materials	>4 h–8 weeks	[104,97]
Staphylococcus epidermidis	Cloths	6–28 days	[96,91]
	Glass	>7 h	[96]
	Plastics	41–>90 days	[91]
Streptococcus equi	Wood	<1 to 13 d	[112,113]
	Metal	<1 to 3 d	[112]
	Rubber	<1 to 3 d	[112]
	Clothing	<1 to 13 d	[113]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Plastic	< 3 d–1 month	[114]
Streptococcus pyogenes	Tomatoes	>2–>24 h	[115]
	Plastic	2–> 4 months	[114,115,116]
	Ceramic	>2–>24 h	[115]
	Stainless steel	>2–>24 h	[115]
	Glass	2–>88 h	[116]
	Metal	2–>88 h	[116]
	Latex	2–>88 h	[116]
	Wood	2–>88 h	[116]
	Reeds	24 h	[117]
	Clarinets (simulated play)	24 h	[117]
Streptococcus salivarius	Glass	2–>88 h	[116]
	Metal	2–>88 h	[116]
	Plastic	2–>88 h	[116]
	Latex	2–>88 h	[116]
	Wood	2–>88 h	[116]