Table 1.

LncRNAs roles and mechanisms in innate immunity.

LncRNA	Model	Function	Main Results	References
ANRIL	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	Regulate cell proliferation	Regulated by TNF-α and NF-κB	[58]
AS-IL1α	Mouse bone marrow derived macrophage	Regulates IL-1α transcription	Facilitates the recruitment of RNAP-II (RNA Polymerase II) to the IL-1α locus	[59]
FIRRE	Human macrophages (U937) Human intestinal epithelial cells (SW480) Mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) Jurkat cell	Regulates expression of several inflammatory genes	Demonstrates NFkB-dependent expression; interacts with hnRNPU to regulate mRNA; increasing the VCAM1	[60]
H19	Mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)	Maintains HSC quiescence	Regulates the Igf2-Igfr1 (insuline-like growth factor) pathway through the translocation of FOX3 to the cytoplasm	[61]
IL-1b-RBT46	Human monocytes (THP-1)	Act in IL-1 and CXCL8 regulation	NF-kB dependent expression	[62]
IL7-AS	Human monocyte (THP-1) cells, and LPS-stimulated mouse (RAW 264.7)	Regulates IL-6 expression	NF-kB dependent expression	[63]
Lethe	Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF = lines mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) and bone marrow derived macrophages)	Regulates NF-kB mediated inflammatory genes, ROS production, and NOX2 gene expression	Interacts with the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-kB	[64,65]
LincRNACOX2	LincRNA-Cox2 deficient mice; mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and primary peritoneal)	Regulates the expression of NF-kB and several immune genes	Functions as an eRNA to regulate the activity of the COX2 (Cyclooxygenase) gene but also demonstrates in trans-regulation of immune-associated genes in vivo. Interacts with the SWI/SNF complex to regulate the assembly of NF-kB subunits and chromatin remodeling	[15,66]
Lnc-DC	Human dendritic cells	Regulates DC differentiation	Interact with STAT3 to prevent dephosphorylation of Y705 by SHP1(Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1)	[67]
LincRNA-EPS	Mouse bone marrow derived macrophages	Inhibits IRGs expression and represses the inflammatory response	Interacts with hnRNPL via a CANACA motif in its 3′ region and regulates nucleosome positioning at IRG promoters	[62]
LncHSC-1/2	Mouse hematopoietic stem cells	LncHSC-1 regulates myeloid differentiation and LncHSC-2 cell self-renewal and differentiation	LncHSC-1 is involved in myeloid differentiation LncHSC-2 recruits the hematopoietic TF E2A to its binding sites	[68]
Lnc-IL7R	Human monocytes (THP-1)	Regulates the expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, E-selectin, and VCAM-1(Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule)	Regulates deposition of H3K27me3 at the promoters of the E-selectin and VCAM-1 genes	[54]
LncITPRIP-1	Huh7, Huh7.5, Huh7.5.1-MAVS, FL-neo, HEK293T cells	Involved in the activation of the innate immune response	Binds to the C-terminus of MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) and promotes its oligomerization to enhance IFN signaling and production	[69]
Lnc-Lsm3b	Mouse peritonea macrophages RAW, L929 and HEK293T cell lines	Inactivates RIG-1 innate activity and type I IFNs production	Acts as a regulator of innate immune response	[70]
LncRNA-Mirt2	Peritoneal macrophages (C57BL/6 mice) HEK293T and RAW264.7 cells	Regulates macrophage polarization and aberrant inflammatory activity	Inhibits the K63-ubiquitination of TRAF6	[71]
LincRNA-Tnfaip3	Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages)	Regulates the expression of several NF-kB inflammatory genes	Increased histone H3 modification and transcriptional activation	[72]
MALAT1	Human monocytes (THP-1), mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7)	Regulates the expression of inflammatory genes Regulates LPS-mediated M1 macrophage activation and IL-4-mediated M2 differentiation	Interacts p50/p65 subunit to inhibit NF-kB DNA binding activity. Demonstrates Clec16a-dependent expression and regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carriers	[73,74]
MIR3142HG	Human lung fibroblasts (primary) IPS fibroblasts	Regulates CCL2 and IL-8 mRNA and protein release Downregulates MIR3142HG/mir146a interaction	Demonstrates NF-kB-dependent expression	[75,76,77]
	Human and mouse monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils	Controls the survival of inflammatory cells	Regulates the proapoptotic gene Bim(Bcl-2-like 11)	[78]
NEAT1	Human epithelial cells (A549 cell line) and HeLa cells	Regulates IL-8 expression	Binds as SFPQ (proline/glutamine-rich junction factor) and transfers it to paraspeckle bodies, resulting in IL-8 transcriptional activation	[79]
NEAT1v2/eRNA07573	HeLa cells	Regulates expression of immune-associated genes and response to antibacterial defense	Inhibit levels of the exosome/NEXT components	[80]
NKILA	Endothelial cells (ECs)	Mediates the expression of KLF4	Mediates the expression of KLF4 by NF-kB mediated DNA methylation mechanism	[81]
NRIR	Human monocytes	Regulates the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes and protein release of CXCL10 and CCL8	Demonstrates type I IFN-dependent expression	[82]
PACER	Human mammary epithelial cells and monocyte/macrophage cell lines	Promotes COX2 expression	Interact with p50 NF-kB subunit of COX2 promoter to enable p300 HAT in order to facilitate the assembly of the RNA polymerase II	[53]
PTPRJ-as1	Mouse macrophages and RAW 264.7	N/A	N/A	[83]
THRIL	Human monocytes (THP-1)	Regulates the expression of the innate-associated mediators TNF-α, CCL1, IL-8, CSF1, and CXC10	Forms a functional lncRNA-hnRNPLcomplex in order to regulate TNF-α	[55]