Table 1.
Maternal factors associated with moderate and severe stunting in Ethiopia using χ2 (chi-square) test
| Characteristic | Categories | Number of children | % of children stunted | χ2 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Severe | |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Mother’s educational level | No education | 5645(63.7) | 1411(22.5) | 1101(19.5) | 195.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Primary | 2283(25.8) | 464(20.3) | 331(14.5) | |||
| Secondary/higher | 927(10.5) | 130(14.0) | 48(5.1) | |||
| Mother’s employment status | Unemployed | 6397(72.2) | 1260(19.7) | 1056(16.5) | 0.911 | 0.634 |
| Employed | 2458(27.8) | 507(20.6) | 401(16.3) | |||
| Mother’s autonomy | Low autonomy | 2109(25.8) | 428(20.3) | 386(18.3) | 9.989 | 0.041 |
| Middle autonomy | 5274(63.0) | 1050(19.9) | 839(15.9) | |||
| High autonomy | 982(11.7) | 179(18.2) | 156(15.9) | |||
| Mother’s BMI†(kg/m2) | Less than 18.5 | 2175(24.6) | 461(21.2) | 426(19.6) | 27.95 | < 0.0001 |
| 18.5 or higher | 6680(75.4) | 1303(19.5) | 1029(15.4) | |||
| Number of ANC visits before delivery | No ANC | 4732(53.4) | 923(19.5) | 942(19.9) | 77.99 | < 0.0001 |
| 1–3 | 1858(21) | 372(20.0) | 285(15.3) | |||
| At least 4 | 2265(25.6) | 415(18.3) | 245(10.8) | |||
| Place of delivery | Home | 5880(66.4) | 1211(20.6) | 1158(19.7) | 158.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Health facility | 2975(33.6) | 553(18.6) | 301(10.1) | |||
| Maternal height (cm) | < 150 | 1408(15.9) | 200(14.2) | 244(17.3) | 125.46 | < 0.0001 |
| 150–160 | 4667(52.7) | 1003(21.5) | 779(16.7) | |||
| > 160 | 2789(31.5) | 438(15.7) | 329(11.8) | |||
| Place of residence | Urban | 1626(18.4) | 296(18.2) | 127(7.8) | 158.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Rural | 7229(81.6) | 1605(22.2) | 1446(20) | |||
†Body Mass Index, ‡ Antenatal Care Clinic * South Nations Nationalities and People Region