Table 3.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress

Markers of oxidative stress
Lipid oxidation	Malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), F2-isoprostanes, isolevuglandins, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and methylglyoxal.
Protein/amino acid oxidation	Protein carbonyls, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), advanced lipoxigenation end products (ALEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), 3-nitrotyrosine, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)
DNA oxidation	8-oxo-2’ - deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG; 8OHdG), 5-chlorocytosine, 5-chlorouracil,
Markers of ROS generation
Enzymatic	Xanthine oxidase (XO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
Non-enzymatic	Uric acid
ROS-regulated transcription factors	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB)
Markers of antioxidant defense
Enzymatic	Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), Protein thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases [thioredoxin (Trx) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs)].
Non-enzymatic	Ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, polyphenols, bilirubin, albumin, ceruloplasmin, ferritin, glutathione (GSH).
ROS-regulated transcription factors	Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2)
Others	Asymmetric dimethyl L-arginine (ADMA)