Table 4.
Comparison of fast diagnostic assays with potential as a point of care test for detecting Cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV)-3 or carp edema virus (CEV). LAMP: loop-mediated isothermal amplification; RPA: Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. AuNPs: gold nanoparticles. Time: shows the time in minutes for the test completion and its visualization (it does not include the time for DNA extraction). LOD: limit of detection. tk: thymidine kinase gene. mpc: major capsid protein. p4a: partial core protein 4a. LFD: lateral flow device. n = number of samples. Specificity refers to tests conducted with relative herpesviruses.
| Assay | Test Visualization | Time | Target | LOD | Specificity | Sample Type | Internal Control | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAMP | Gel electrophoresis | ˃60 | CyHV-3 tk | 10−6 stock dilution | Only in silico tested | Homogenates | None | [38] |
| LAMP | Turbidity | 60 | CyHV-3 | 10−7 stock dilution; 6 copies |
No cross-reaction with fish HVs (n = 3) | Homogenates | None | [41,42] |
| RPA | LFD | ˂30 | CyHV-3 mcp | 10 copies | No cross-reaction with CyHV-2 (n = 1) | White blood cells | None | [40] |
| Multiplex RPA | LFD | 25 | CyHV-3 tk CEV p4a |
CyHV-3: 21 copies CEV: 1.8 copies |
No cross-reaction with CyHV-1 or CyHV-2 (n = 2) | Homogenates | None | [31] |
| AuNPs hybridization | Colorimetric | 21 | CyHV-3 tk | 150 copies | No cross-reaction with CyHV-1 or CyHV-2 (n = 2) | Homogenates | None | [39] |
| LAMP | Fluorescence real-time |
˂20 | CyHV-3 orf43 | 100 copies | 4.4% cross-reaction with other fish HVs (n = 72) | Homogenates Gill/skin swabs | Host ef1a | This study |
| LAMP | Fluorescence real-time |
˂20 | CEV p4a | 1000 copies | No cross-reaction with fish HVs (n = 3) | Homogenates Gill/skin swabs | Host ef1a | This study |