Table 4.
Energy yield calculated at 50% degradation of pharmaceutical compounds by various dielectric barrier discharge configurations shown in Table 3.
| Pharmaceutical Compounds | Initial Concentration (mg/L) | Treatment Time (min) | DBD Reactor Configuration and Process Design |
Power (w) | Rate Constant kr (min−1) |
Half-Life Time t1/2 (min) | Energy Yield (G50) (g/KWh) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfadiazine antibiotics | 10 | 30 | Water falling film DBD | 150 | 6.8 × 10−2 | 10.19 | 19.60 | [157] |
| Veterinary antibiotics | 5 | 30 | Single cylindrical DBD plasma reactor | 8.9 | 3.05 ×10−2 | 22.72 | 12.16–12.14 | [159] |
| Carbamazepine | 20 | 60 | Ex situ DBD system | 0.7–12 | 2.76 × 10−2–3.8 × 10−2 | 25.10–18.23 | 308.70–18.01 | [156] |
| Atrazine | 0.03 | 45 | Atmospheric pulsed DBD | 1.7 | 2.09 × 10−1 | 3.31 | 0.17 | [175] |
| 17b-estradiol | 0.4 | 30 | Non-thermal plasma (DBD) | NA | 4.24 × 10−2 | 16.34 | NA | [176] |
| Pentoxifylline | 100 | 60 | DBD coaxial reactor configuration | 1 | 4.32 × 10−2 | 16.04 | 2220.29 | [155] |
| Three b-lactam antibiotics | 100 | 10–30 | DBD coaxial reactor configuration | 2 | 9.7 × 10−3 | 71.44 | 1820.88–2206.49 | [158] |
| (Atrazine, Chlorfenvinfos, 2,4-dibromophenol, and lindane) | 1–5 | 15 | Batch reactor (R1) and Coaxial reactor (R2) | 30 | 1.34 × 10−1–2.6 ×10−1 | 5.17–2.66 | 2.741–12.95 | [177] |
| Iopromide | 17 | 10 | DBD | NA | 4.6 ×10−1 | 1.50 | NA | [178] |
| Enalapril | 50 | 120 | DBD with falling liquid film | NA | 4.26 × 10−2 | 16.26 | 34.6 | [179] |
| Carbamazepine | 20 | 60 | DBD with falling liquid film | 0.7–12 | 3.95 × 10−2 | 17.54 | 310.40–18.10 | [156] |
| Carbamazepine | 23.6 | 60 | DBD rotating drum reactor | 250–750 | 4.68 × 10−2 | 14.81 | 10.65–3.55 | [162] |
| Iopromide | 79.1 | 60 | DBD rotating drum reactor | 250–750 | 6.5 × 10−2 | 10.66 | 37.22–12.41 | [162] |
| Clofibric acid | 21.5 | 30 | DBD rotating drum reactor | 250–750 | 3.32 × 10−1 | 2.08 | 20.44–6.81 | [162] |
| Amoxicillin | 100 | 10 | DBD with falling liquid film | 2 | 0.115 × 101 | 0.60 | 7213.23 | [158] |
| Ampicillin | 100 | 30 | DBD with falling liquid film | 2 | 3.83 × 10−1 | 1.80 | 2379.30 | [158] |
| Oxacillin | 100 | 30 | DBD with falling liquid film | 2 | 3.83 × 10−1 | 1.80 | 2381.12 | [158] |
| Pentoxifylline | 100 | 60 | DBD with falling liquid film | 1 | 4.2 × 10−2 | 16.5 | 2208.03 | [155] |
| Carbamazepine | 23.6 | 30 | DBD | 250–500 | 1.3 × 10−1 | 5.33 | 4.44–2.22 | [161] |
| Clofibric acid | 21.5 | 30 | DBD | 250–500 | 3.32 × 10−1 | 2.08 | 4.10–2.05 | [161] |
| Iopromide | 79.1 | 30 | DBD | 250–500 | 1.53 × 10−1 | 4.52 | 15.04–7.52 | [161] |