Table 2.

Incidence of some pathogens in wild European starlings. Caution is urged in interpreting these data due to the wide variety of research design, methodology, and geography.

Pathogen	Incidence (N)	Notes	Reference
E. coli	36.6% (473)	Australia, commercial piggeries	[13]
E. coli, all strains Antibiotic resistant strains	35% (26) 19.2%	Ireland	[9]
E. coli E. coli O157:H7	48.2% (434) 0	central North America, cattle CAFO	[14]
E. coli, pathogenic strains	23% (87)	western North America, sampled from vegetable farms	[28]
E. coli O157:H7	1.2% (430)	Ohio, USA, dairy farms	[18]
E. coli, pathogenic strains	23% (87)	western North America, sampled from vegetable farms	[28]
E. coli O157:H7	2.8%	Sampled from pooled feces, North America dairy farm	[21]
E. coli, ciprafloxin resistant	10.2% (1477)	cattle CAFO, Texas, USA	[23]
Campylobacter sp.	20.7 (87)	western North America, sampled from vegetable farms	[28]
C. jejuni	13.2% (174)	Eastern North America, small ruminant farm	[29]
C. jejuni	0.6% (473)	Australia, commercial piggeries	[13]
C. jejuni	33% (150)	midwestern USA cattle feedlots	[30]
Salmonella sp.	0% (87)	western North America, sampled from vegetable farms	[28]
Salmonella spp.	1.3% (473)	Australia, commercial piggeries	[13]
Salmonella spp.	32% (100)	North America, cattle CAFO	[31]
Salmonella sp.	5.9% (34)	Texas, USA	[32]
Salmonella sp.	17% (100)	carried externally	[31]
Salmonella sp.	1.12% (179)	from pooled feces	[21]
Salmonella sp.	0.2% (174)	Eastern North America, small ruminant farm	[29]
Salmonella enterica	2.5% (?)	Texas USA, cattle CAFO	[33]
Salmonella sp.	0.7% (434)	central North America, cattle CAFO	[14]
Salmonella sp.	1%	feces collected beneath a roost, Switzerland	[34]
Avian Influenza virus	0%	Australia, commercial piggeries	[13]
Avian Influenza virus	1.5% (328)	Ohio, USA	[35]
Avian Influenza virus, seropositive virus/RNA detection	0.09% (1173) 0% (864)	compilation of studies across North America	in [36]
Avian Influenza virus, H5	1.4%(69)	Iowa, USA, during poultry farm outbreak	[37]