Table 2.
Background characteristics of the study sample by consumption of individual alcoholic beverages containing polyphenols.
| Red Wine | White Wine | Beer | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T3 | T1 | T3 | T1 | T3 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 253 (37.8) | 135 (44.4) | 390 (40.5) | 29 (32.2) | 238 (36.6) | 298 (46.9) |
| Female | 416 (62.2) | 169 (55.6) | 573 (59.5) | 61 (67.8) | 413 (63.4) | 337 (53.1) * |
| Age group | ||||||
| <30 | 130 (19.4) | 24 (7.9) | 181 (18.8) | 7 (7.8) | 97 (14.9) | 134 (21.1) |
| 30–44 | 196 (29.3) | 53 (17.4) | 244 (25.3) | 23 (25.6) | 161 (24.7) | 195 (30.7) |
| 44–65 | 197 (29.4) | 131 (43.1) | 315 (32.7) | 40 (44.4) | 214 (32.8) | 242 (38.1) |
| >65 | 147 (21.9) | 96 (31.6) ** | 224 (23.2) | 20 (22.2) ** | 180 (27.6) | 64 (10.1) ** |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Low | 280 (41.9) | 148 (48.7) | 387 (40.2) | 41 (45.6) | 280 (43.0) | 165 (26.0) |
| Medium | 239 (35.7) | 80 (26.3) | 327 (34.0) | 28 (31.1) | 222 (34.1) | 254 (40.0) |
| High | 150 (22.4) | 76 (25.0) ** | 249 (25.9) | 21 (23.3) ** | 149 (22.9) | 216 (34.0) ** |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 426 (63.7) | 168 (55.3) | 598 (62.1) | 47 (52.2) | 394 (60.5) | 385 (60.6) |
| Current smoker | 148 (22.1) | 66 (21.7) | 211 (21.9) | 21 (23.3) | 138 (21.2) | 180 (28.3) |
| Former smoker | 95 (14.2) | 70 (23.0) ** | 154 (16.0) | 22 (24.4) ** | 119 (18.3) | 70 (11.0) ** |
| Physical activity level | ||||||
| Low | 138 (23.9) | 42 (16.3) | 194 (23.1) | 4 (5.4) | 133 (24.4) | 92 (15.1) |
| Medium | 296 (51.3) | 136 (52.7) | 441 (52.6) | 46 (62.2) | 282 (51.6) | 296 (48.7) |
| High | 143 (24.8) | 80 (31.0) ** | 204 (24.3) | 24 (32.4) ** | 131 (24.0) | 220 (36.2) ** |
| BMI categories | ||||||
| Normal | 311 (50.4) | 112 (39.7) | 418 (46.4) | 42 (47.7) | 281 (46.2) | 285 (48.1) |
| Overweight | 179 (29.0) | 119 (42.2) | 302 (33.6) | 40 (45.5) | 198 (32.6) | 233 (39.3) |
| Obese | 127 (20.6) | 51 (18.1) ** | 180 (20.0) | 6 (6.8) * | 129 (21.2) | 75 (12.6) * |
| Mediterranean diet adherence | ||||||
| Low | 418 (62.5) | 126 (41.4) | 575 (59.7) | 40 (44.4) | 363 (55.8) | 340 (53.5) |
| Medium | 209 (31.2) | 145 (47.7) | 318 (33.0) | 33 (36.7) | 238 (36.6) | 214 (33.7) |
| High | 42 (6.3) | 33 (10.9) ** | 70 (7.3) | 17 (18.9) ** | 50 (7.7) | 81 (12.8) * |
Results are expressed as n (%); * denotes p < 0.05 for Chi-squared analysis; ** denotes p < 0.001 for Chi-squared analysis.