FIG 1.

Normal copper and iron transportation. Schematic representation of normal copper transport in the liver. All blue arrows represent normal physiological pathways. (1A) ATP7B loads copper onto Apo‐ceruloplasmin. (2) This transforms it into the copper‐carrying protein Ceruloplasmin. (3) Ceruloplasmin is able to execute its ferroxidation. Ferroxidation is represented by the peach horizontal cylinder. Fe³⁺ is then able to be transported throughout the body (iron transportation is represented by the orange arrow). (1B) The curved brown arrow represents ATP7B transportation of the excess copper. ATP7B transports excess copper into the bile (thick green arrow) for excretion.