Table 1.
EQ-5D-3L VAS and utility index scores of respondents by socio-demographic characteristics
| Characteristics of respondents |
n |
% |
VAS score |
Utility index |
Ceiling effect (%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean |
SD |
t/F |
P value |
Mean |
SD |
t/F |
P value |
||||
|
Demographic | |||||||||||
| Gender: |
19.52 |
<0.001 |
5.86 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Male |
89 830 |
47.60 |
81.56 |
13.53 |
0.986 |
0.056 |
85.73 |
||||
| Female |
98 890 |
52.40 |
80.32 |
13.91 |
0.984 |
0.056 |
82.79 |
||||
| Age (in years): |
7030.70 |
<0.001 |
2752.71 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| 15-24 |
14 094 |
7.47 |
90.40 |
8.35 |
0.998 |
0.023 |
97.98 |
||||
| 25-34 |
24 347 |
12.90 |
88.01 |
9.39 |
0.997 |
0.024 |
96.37 |
||||
| 35-44 |
35 081 |
18.59 |
84.68 |
11.34 |
0.995 |
0.031 |
92.07 |
||||
| 45-54 |
41 000 |
21.73 |
81.35 |
12.82 |
0.990 |
0.042 |
87.03 |
||||
| 55-64 |
40 532 |
21.48 |
77.29 |
13.56 |
0.983 |
0.056 |
79.03 |
||||
| 65-74 |
22 138 |
11.73 |
73.08 |
14.43 |
0.969 |
0.077 |
69.47 |
||||
| 75+ |
11 528 |
6.11 |
69.05 |
15.32 |
0.933 |
0.119 |
53.91 |
||||
|
Location | |||||||||||
| Residency: |
100.06 |
<0.001 |
15.12 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Urban |
94 064 |
49.84 |
80.59 |
13.78 |
0.985 |
0.055 |
84.16 |
||||
| Rural |
94 656 |
50.16 |
81.23 |
13.71 |
0.984 |
0.058 |
84.22 |
||||
| Region: |
435.23 |
<0.001 |
40.53 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Eastern |
66 575 |
35.28 |
82.12 |
13.25 |
0.986 |
0.054 |
85.83 |
||||
| Central |
58 306 |
30.90 |
80.59 |
13.99 |
0.984 |
0.058 |
83.57 |
||||
| Western |
63 839 |
33.83 |
79.94 |
13.94 |
0.984 |
0.057 |
83.04 |
||||
|
Socio-economic | |||||||||||
| Educational attainment: |
3743.86 |
<0.001 |
1542.77 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Illiterate |
22 709 |
12.03 |
73.13 |
15.40 |
0.961 |
0.091 |
67.36 |
||||
| Primary school |
48 953 |
25.94 |
78.23 |
14.12 |
0.980 |
0.063 |
79.06 |
||||
| Junior middle school |
65 877 |
34.91 |
83.05 |
12.59 |
0.990 |
0.044 |
88.49 |
||||
| Senior middle school |
32 435 |
17.19 |
83.44 |
12.52 |
0.992 |
0.041 |
89.90 |
||||
| University/college or above |
18 746 |
9.93 |
85.44 |
11.22 |
0.995 |
0.028 |
92.94 |
||||
| Local ranking of average household income: |
712.90 |
<0.001 |
360.76 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Lowest (<percentile 20) |
35 702 |
18.93 |
77.69 |
15.56 |
0.975 |
0.072 |
76.90 |
||||
| Low (percentile 20-39) |
35 471 |
18.80 |
80.53 |
13.86 |
0.984 |
0.058 |
83.57 |
||||
| Middle (percentile 40-59) |
37 124 |
19.68 |
81.63 |
13.26 |
0.987 |
0.052 |
85.81 |
||||
| High (percentile 60-79) |
39 084 |
20.72 |
81.92 |
12.94 |
0.988 |
0.049 |
86.61 |
||||
| Highest (≥percentile 80) |
41 251 |
21.87 |
82.43 |
12.63 |
0.989 |
0.047 |
87.30 |
||||
| Employment: |
5374.26 |
<0.001 |
2812.74 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Employed |
127 614 |
67.62 |
83.00 |
12.34 |
0.992 |
0.035 |
88.65 |
||||
| Retired |
27 274 |
14.45 |
75.67 |
13.79 |
0.975 |
0.072 |
75.96 |
||||
| Student |
4747 |
2.52 |
91.05 |
8.08 |
0.999 |
0.016 |
98.42 |
||||
| Unemployed |
29 085 |
15.41 |
75.01 |
16.49 |
0.961 |
0.096 |
70.00 |
||||
| Marital status: |
3757.16 |
<0.001 |
1623.95 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Never married/Single |
17 131 |
9.08 |
88.10 |
11.27 |
0.993 |
0.044 |
94.12 |
||||
| Married |
155 755 |
82.53 |
80.92 |
13.39 |
0.987 |
0.052 |
85.05 |
||||
| Widowed |
12 932 |
6.85 |
71.61 |
15.06 |
0.953 |
0.097 |
61.32 |
||||
| Divorced |
2898 |
1.54 |
79.60 |
14.71 |
0.982 |
0.061 |
81.44 |
||||
|
Illness condition | |||||||||||
| Two-week morbidity: |
-130.00 |
<0.001 |
-67.82 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Yes |
44 986 |
23.84 |
72.74 |
15.57 |
0.963 |
0.088 |
65.28 |
||||
| No |
143 734 |
76.16 |
83.47 |
12.03 |
0.992 |
0.039 |
90.10 |
||||
| Chronic disease: |
-160.00 |
<0.001 |
-75.39 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Yes |
50 698 |
26.86 |
72.37 |
15.34 |
0.963 |
0.087 |
65.16 |
||||
| No |
138 022 |
73.14 |
84.05 |
11.63 |
0.993 |
0.036 |
91.18 |
||||
| One-year hospital admission: |
-64.53 |
<0.001 |
-39.93 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Yes |
17 016 |
9.02 |
73.09 |
16.88 |
0.957 |
0.100 |
65.02 |
||||
| No |
171 681 |
90.98 |
81.69 |
13.14 |
0.988 |
0.049 |
86.09 |
||||
|
Lifestyle and behaviors | |||||||||||
| Smoking: |
13.41 |
<0.001 |
18.42 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Yes |
49 208 |
26.09 |
81.60 |
13.05 |
0.988 |
0.045 |
86.21 |
||||
| No |
139 399 |
73.91 |
80.67 |
13.97 |
0.984 |
0.060 |
83.47 |
||||
| Drinking: |
25.42 |
<0.001 |
31.15 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Yes |
44 005 |
23.32 |
82.28 |
12.46 |
0.991 |
0.037 |
86.95 |
||||
| No |
144 706 |
76.68 |
80.50 |
14.09 |
0.983 |
0.061 |
83.35 |
||||
| Physical exercise: |
0.71 |
0.477 |
25.14 |
<0.001 |
|||||||
| Yes |
55 843 |
29.67 |
80.94 |
13.10 |
0.989 |
0.038 |
85.10 |
||||
| No |
132 372 |
70.33 |
80.90 |
14.01 |
0.983 |
0.062 |
83.79 |
||||
| Total | 188 720 | 100.00 | 80.91 | 13.74 | – | – | 0.985 | 0.056 | – | – | 84.19 |
VAS – visual analogue scale