Table 3.
Factors associated with the percentage of problems reported by respondents in the five EQ-5D dimensions – results of logistic regression models
| Variable |
Mobility |
Self-care |
Usual activities |
Pain/discomfort |
Anxiety/depression |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
AOR* |
95% CI |
P |
AOR |
95% CI |
P |
AOR |
(95% CI |
P |
AOR |
(95% CI) |
P |
AOR |
(95% CI) |
P |
|
|
Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Male (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Female |
0.727 |
0.688, 0.768 |
<0.001 |
0.615 |
0.573, 0.661 |
<0.001 |
0.652 |
0.613, 0.692 |
<0.001 |
1.196 |
1.149, 1.245 |
<0.001 |
1.064 |
1.006, 1.124 |
0.030 |
|
Age in years | |||||||||||||||
| 15-24 (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| 25-34 |
1.818 |
1.308, 2.525 |
<0.001 |
1.806 |
1.233, 2.646 |
0.002 |
1.839 |
1.333, 2.537 |
<0.001 |
1.717 |
1.417, 2.082 |
<0.001 |
2.225 |
1.771, 2.795 |
<0.001 |
| 35-44 |
3.754 |
2.749, 5.126 |
<0.001 |
3.413 |
2.378, 4.898 |
<0.001 |
3.567 |
2.627, 4.842 |
<0.001 |
3.958 |
3.299, 4.750 |
<0.001 |
4.505 |
3.611, 5.621 |
<0.001 |
| 45-54 |
6.582 |
4.847, 8.939 |
<0.001 |
5.124 |
3.602, 7.287 |
<0.001 |
5.699 |
4.221, 7.693 |
<0.001 |
6.296 |
5.253, 7.546 |
<0.001 |
5.315 |
4.261, 6.631 |
<0.001 |
| 55-64 |
9.276 |
6.829, 12.601 |
<0.001 |
6.454 |
4.535, 9.187 |
<0.001 |
7.042 |
5.211, 9.515 |
<0.001 |
8.369 |
6.973, 10.045 |
<0.001 |
5.947 |
4.758, 7.435 |
<0.001 |
| 65-74 |
14.618 |
10.734, 19.908 |
<0.001 |
9.737 |
6.820, 13.903 |
<0.001 |
10.863 |
8.013, 14.725 |
<0.001 |
10.229 |
8.498, 12.313 |
<0.001 |
5.905 |
4.700, 7.418 |
<0.001 |
| 75+ |
31.140 |
22.803, 42.526 |
<0.001 |
19.503 |
13.616, 27.936 |
<0.001 |
22.489 |
16.541, 30.577 |
<0.001 |
13.617 |
11.262, 16.465 |
<0.001 |
7.359 |
5.823, 9.300 |
<0.001 |
|
Location | |||||||||||||||
| Urban (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Rural |
1.068 |
1.015, 1.123 |
0.011 |
1.186 |
1.109, 1.267 |
<0.001 |
1.165 |
1.102, 1.233 |
<0.001 |
1.000 |
0.965, 1.036 |
0.993 |
1.037 |
0.988, 1.088 |
0.136 |
|
Region | |||||||||||||||
| Eastern (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Central |
1.213 |
1.149, 1.280 |
<0.001 |
1.205 |
1.122, 1.294 |
<0.001 |
1.178 |
1.109, 1.252 |
<0.001 |
1.320 |
1.271, 1.371 |
<0.001 |
1.375 |
1.302, 1.453 |
<0.001 |
| Western |
1.444 |
1.369, 1.522 |
<0.001 |
1.423 |
1.326, 1.526 |
<0.001 |
1.503 |
1.417, 1.594 |
<0.001 |
1.492 |
1.437, 1.549 |
<0.001 |
1.670 |
1.584, 1.761 |
<0.001 |
|
Educational attainment | |||||||||||||||
| Illiterate (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Primary school |
0.827 |
0.780, 0.877 |
<0.001 |
0.750 |
0.695, 0.809 |
<0.001 |
0.721 |
0.677, 0.769 |
<0.001 |
0.859 |
0.822, 0.897 |
<0.001 |
0.775 |
0.730, 0.822 |
<0.001 |
| Junior middle school |
0.716 |
0.667, 0.768 |
<0.001 |
0.655 |
0.597, 0.719 |
<0.001 |
0.625 |
0.578, 0.676 |
<0.001 |
0.700 |
0.665, 0.736 |
<0.001 |
0.704 |
0.657, 0.754 |
<0.001 |
| Senior middle school |
0.592 |
0.540, 0.649 |
<0.001 |
0.540 |
0.477, 0.611 |
<0.001 |
0.522 |
0.471, 0.578 |
<0.001 |
0.652 |
0.612, 0.694 |
<0.001 |
0.669 |
0.612, 0.730 |
<0.001 |
| University/college or above |
0.493 |
0.429, 0.565 |
<0.001 |
0.474 |
0.393, 0.572 |
<0.001 |
0.438 |
0.375, 0.512 |
<0.001 |
0.602 |
0.551, 0.657 |
<0.001 |
0.740 |
0.657, 0.833 |
<0.001 |
|
Local ranking of average household income | |||||||||||||||
| Lowest < percentile 20 (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Low percentile 20-39 |
0.803 |
0.753, 0.855 |
<0.001 |
0.819 |
0.754, 0.891 |
<0.001 |
0.789 |
0.735, 0.846 |
<0.001 |
0.802 |
0.766, 0.840 |
<0.001 |
0.791 |
0.744, 0.842 |
<0.001 |
| Middle percentile 40-59 |
0.703 |
0.658, 0.752 |
<0.001 |
0.732 |
0.671, 0.799 |
<0.001 |
0.690 |
0.641, 0.743 |
<0.001 |
0.758 |
0.723, 0.794 |
<0.001 |
0.684 |
0.641, 0.730 |
<0.001 |
| High percentile 60-79 |
0.651 |
0.608, 0.696 |
<0.001 |
0.669 |
0.612, 0.732 |
<0.001 |
0.637 |
0.591, 0.686 |
<0.001 |
0.679 |
0.647, 0.712 |
<0.001 |
0.623 |
0.584, 0.666 |
<0.001 |
| Highest ≥ percentile 80 |
0.627 |
0.585, 0.671 |
<0.001 |
0.654 |
0.596, 0.717 |
<0.001 |
0.622 |
0.576, 0.671 |
<0.001 |
0.647 |
0.616, 0.679 |
<0.001 |
0.580 |
0.541, 0.621 |
<0.001 |
|
Employment | |||||||||||||||
| Employed (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Retired |
1.884 |
1.748, 2.031 |
<0.001 |
2.522 |
2.278, 2.793 |
<0.001 |
2.132 |
1.959, 2.321 |
<0.001 |
1.072 |
1.017, 1.130 |
0.010 |
0.981 |
0.907, 1.061 |
0.634 |
| Student |
0.806 |
0.457, 1.421 |
0.456 |
0.884 |
0.458, 1.705 |
0.713 |
0.591 |
0.313, 1.116 |
0.105 |
0.639 |
0.450, 0.907 |
0.012 |
0.706 |
0.479, 1.042 |
<0.001 |
| Unemployed |
2.670 |
2.521, 2.826 |
<0.001 |
3.345 |
3.096, 3.614 |
<0.001 |
3.097 |
2.907, 3.299 |
<0.001 |
1.571 |
1.508, 1.637 |
<0.001 |
1.675 |
1.584, 1.771 |
<0.001 |
|
Marital status: | |||||||||||||||
| Never married/Single (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Married |
0.489 |
0.430, 0.556 |
<0.001 |
0.426 |
0.365, 0.497 |
<0.001 |
0.417 |
0.365, 0.476 |
<0.001 |
0.798 |
0.725, 0.879 |
<0.001 |
0.546 |
0.487, 0.612 |
<0.001 |
| Divorced |
0.608 |
0.528, 0.699 |
<0.001 |
0.547 |
0.462, 0.648 |
<0.001 |
0.516 |
0.446, 0.597 |
<0.001 |
0.927 |
0.833, 1.033 |
0.170 |
0.676 |
0.593, 0.772 |
<0.001 |
| Widowed |
0.814 |
0.660, 1.005 |
0.055 |
0.744 |
0.570, 0.971 |
<0.001 |
0.729 |
0.582, 0.914 |
0.006 |
1.158 |
0.997, 1.345 |
0.055 |
1.088 |
0.911, 1.300 |
0.350 |
|
Two-week morbidity | |||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| No |
0.606 |
0.568, 0.646 |
<0.001 |
0.595 |
0.545, 0.649 |
<0.001 |
0.586 |
0.545, 0.630 |
<0.001 |
0.496 |
0.473, 0.519 |
<0.001 |
0.562 |
0.527, 0.600 |
<0.001 |
|
Chronic disease | |||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| No |
0.489 |
0.458, 0.523 |
<0.001 |
0.552 |
0.503, 0.605 |
<0.001 |
0.488 |
0.452, 0.526 |
<0.001 |
0.488 |
0.465, 0.512 |
<0.001 |
0.503 |
0.47, 0.538 |
<0.001 |
|
One-year hospital admission | |||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| No |
0.468 |
0.443, 0.494 |
<0.001 |
0.459 |
0.428, 0.492 |
<0.001 |
0.440 |
0.414, 0.467 |
<0.001 |
0.520 |
0.499, 0.543 |
<0.001 |
0.525 |
0.497, 0.555 |
<0.001 |
|
Smoking | |||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| No |
1.188 |
1.118, 1.263 |
<0.001 |
1.323 |
1.219, 1.437 |
<0.001 |
1.279 |
1.194, 1.370 |
<0.001 |
1.021 |
0.977, 1.066 |
0.360 |
1.055 |
0.992, 1.122 |
<0.001 |
|
Drinking | |||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| No |
1.338 |
1.254, 1.427 |
<0.001 |
1.885 |
1.716, 2.069 |
<0.001 |
1.649 |
1.529, 1.778 |
<0.001 |
0.987 |
0.945, 1.031 |
0.565 |
1.088 |
1.022, 1.158 |
<0.001 |
|
Physical exercise | |||||||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | |||||||||||||||
| No | 2.091 | 1.970, 2.219 | <0.001 | 2.549 | 2.348, 2.767 | <0.001 | 2.325 | 2.172, 2.489 | <0.001 | 1.299 | 1.249, 1.352 | <0.001 | 1.424 | 1.345, 1.508 | <0.001 |
AOR – adjusted odds ratio, CI – 95% confidence interval