Table 4.
Factors associated with VAS and utility index scores – results of multiple linear and Tobit regression analyses
| Variable |
EQ-5D VAS |
EQ-5D utility |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
β* |
SE |
95% CI |
P |
Effect size |
β |
SE |
95% CI |
P value |
Effect size |
|
|
Gender | ||||||||||
| Male (reference) | ||||||||||
| Female |
-0.163 |
0.072 |
-0.304, -0.023 |
0.023 |
-0.01 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
-0.001, 0.006 |
0.114 |
0.05 |
|
Age | ||||||||||
| 15-24 (reference) | ||||||||||
| 25-34 |
-2.406 |
0.120 |
-2.642, -2.171 |
<0.001 |
-0.18 |
-0.051 |
0.006 |
-0.063, -0.039 |
<0.001 |
-0.91 |
| 35-44 |
-5.171 |
0.128 |
-5.422, -4.920 |
<0.001 |
-0.38 |
-0.105 |
0.006 |
-0.116, -0.093 |
<0.001 |
-1.87 |
| 45-54 |
-7.548 |
0.131 |
-7.804, -7.292 |
<0.001 |
-0.55 |
-0.136 |
0.006 |
-0.147, -0.124 |
<0.001 |
-2.42 |
| 55-64 |
-9.507 |
0.140 |
-9.782, -9.233 |
<0.001 |
-0.69 |
-0.156 |
0.006 |
-0.168, -0.145 |
<0.001 |
-2.79 |
| 65-74 |
-11.709 |
0.165 |
-12.033, -11.385 |
<0.001 |
-0.85 |
-0.180 |
0.006 |
-0.192, -0.168 |
<0.001 |
-3.21 |
| 75+ |
-13.949 |
0.208 |
-14.355, -13.542 |
<0.001 |
-1.02 |
-0.236 |
0.006 |
-0.248, -0.223 |
<0.001 |
-4.20 |
|
Location | ||||||||||
| Urban (reference) | ||||||||||
| Rural |
0.731 |
0.062 |
0.609, 0.854 |
<0.001 |
0.05 |
-0.002 |
0.001 |
-0.005, 0.001) |
0.195 |
-0.03 |
|
Region | ||||||||||
| Eastern (reference) | ||||||||||
| Central |
-1.439 |
0.067 |
-1.570, -1.309 |
<0.001 |
-0.10 |
-0.019 |
0.002 |
-0.022, -0.016 |
<0.001 |
-0.34 |
| Western |
-2.715 |
0.065 |
-2.843, -2.588 |
<0.001 |
-0.20 |
-0.031 |
0.002 |
-0.034, -0.028 |
<0.001 |
-0.55 |
|
Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Illiterate (reference) | ||||||||||
| Primary school |
1.964 |
0.113 |
1.743, 2.186 |
<0.001 |
0.14 |
0.020 |
0.002 |
0.016, 0.023 |
<0.001 |
0.35 |
| Junior middle school |
3.151 |
0.116 |
2.925, 3.378 |
<0.001 |
0.23 |
0.036 |
0.002 |
0.032, 0.04 |
<0.001 |
0.65 |
| Senior middle school |
2.996 |
0.129 |
2.744, 3.249 |
<0.001 |
0.22 |
0.043 |
0.003 |
0.038, 0.048 |
<0.001 |
0.76 |
| University/college or above |
2.754 |
0.142 |
2.475, 3.033 |
<0.001 |
0.20 |
0.041 |
0.003 |
0.035, 0.048 |
<0.001 |
0.74 |
|
Local ranking of average household income | ||||||||||
| Lowest (<percentile 20) (reference) | ||||||||||
| Low (percentile 20-39) |
1.371 |
0.095 |
1.185, 1.556 |
<0.001 |
0.10 |
0.021 |
0.002 |
0.017, 0.024 |
<0.001 |
0.37 |
| Middle (percentile 40-59) |
2.042 |
0.092 |
1.861, 2.223 |
<0.001 |
0.15 |
0.031 |
0.002 |
0.027, 0.034 |
<0.001 |
0.54 |
| High (percentile 60-79) |
2.376 |
0.091 |
2.196, 2.555 |
<0.001 |
0.17 |
0.038 |
0.002 |
0.034, 0.041 |
<0.001 |
0.67 |
| Highest (≥percentile 80) |
2.841 |
0.091 |
2.662, 3.021 |
<0.001 |
0.21 |
0.041 |
0.002 |
0.037, 0.044 |
<0.001 |
0.72 |
|
Employment | ||||||||||
| Employed (reference) | ||||||||||
| Retired |
-0.846 |
0.112 |
-1.066, -0.627 |
<0.001 |
-0.06 |
-0.022 |
0.002 |
-0.027, -0.018 |
<0.001 |
-0.40 |
| Student |
0.430 |
0.151 |
0.134, 0.727 |
0.004 |
0.03 |
0.017 |
0.009 |
-0.002, 0.035 |
<0.001 |
0.29 |
| Unemployed |
-2.942 |
0.097 |
-3.132, -2.753 |
<0.001 |
-0.21 |
-0.063 |
0.002 |
-0.066, -0.059 |
<0.001 |
-1.11 |
|
Marital status | ||||||||||
| Never married/Single (reference) | ||||||||||
| Married |
0.687 |
0.120 |
0.452, 0.923 |
<0.001 |
0.05 |
0.042 |
0.004 |
0.035, 0.050 |
<0.001 |
0.75 |
| Divorced |
-0.315 |
0.184 |
-0.676, 0.046 |
0.087 |
-0.02 |
0.023 |
0.004 |
0.015, 0.032 |
<0.001 |
0.42 |
| Widowed |
-1.367 |
0.267 |
-1.89, -0.843 |
<0.001 |
-0.10 |
-0.001 |
0.006 |
-0.013, 0.01 |
0.849 |
-0.02 |
|
Two-week morbidity | ||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | ||||||||||
| No |
3.282 |
0.105 |
3.076, 3.487 |
<0.001 |
0.24 |
0.059 |
0.002 |
0.055, 0.063 |
<0.001 |
1.05 |
|
Chronic disease | ||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | ||||||||||
| No |
4.756 |
0.103 |
4.554, 4.958 |
<0.001 |
0.35 |
0.063 |
0.002 |
0.059, 0.066 |
<0.001 |
1.12 |
|
One-year hospital admission | ||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | ||||||||||
| No |
4.049 |
0.119 |
3.816, 4.282 |
0.281 |
0.29 |
0.066 |
0.002 |
0.062, 0.070 |
<0.001 |
1.18 |
|
Smoking | ||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | ||||||||||
| No |
-0.083 |
0.077 |
-0.234, 0.068 |
<0.001 |
-0.01 |
-0.009 |
0.002 |
-0.012, -0.006 |
<0.001 |
-0.16 |
|
Drinking | ||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | ||||||||||
| No |
-0.799 |
0.074 |
-0.944, -0.654 |
<0.001 |
-0.06 |
-0.007 |
0.002 |
-0.011, -0.004 |
<0.001 |
-0.13 |
|
Physical exercise | ||||||||||
| Yes (reference) | ||||||||||
| No | -1.190 | 0.069 | -1.324, -1.055 | <0.001 | -0.09 | -0.037 | 0.002 | -0.040, -0.034 | <0.001 | -0.66 |
β – standardised beta coefficient in the regression models, SE – standard error, 95% CI – 95% confidence interval