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. 2021 Feb 10;10(2):367. doi: 10.3390/cells10020367

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nucleocytoplasmic translocation. (A) Signaling molecules trafficking in the MAPK and WNT signaling pathways in melanoma and thyroid cancer. (B) Example for the transport cycle of importins. Import of NLS-containing cargos is mediated by importin αβ. Importin α recognizes and binds the NLS of the cargo as well as importin β. After transport through the nuclear pore channels (NPC), the GTP-bound GTPase Ran binds to importin β and dissociates the import complex. Next, Ran/GTP transports the complex across the NPC into the cytoplasm. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is stimulated by Ran binding protein 1 and Ran GTPase activating protein 1 in the cytoplasm. Conformational rearrangements in Ran/GDP lead to the dissociation of importin β to be free for the next cycle. Created with BioRender.com.