Table 1.
Patient characteristics based on the occurrence of major complications.
| Complication Grading According to Clavien–Dindo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD 0-2 (n = 178) | CD 3-5 (n = 32) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p | |
| General Variables | ||||
| Age in years | 67.1 (65.6–68.7) | 65.9 (61.6–70.1) | 0.981 (0.949–1.016) | 0.26 |
| Male gender | 121 (68.0) | 22 (68.8) | 1.036 (0.471–2.421) | 0.93 |
| BMI in kg/m2 | 26.8 (26.1–27.5) | 26.5 (24.7–28.4) | 0.999 (0.92–1.082) | 0.98 |
| Diabetes | 49 (27.7) | 14 (43.8) | 2.047 (0.934–4.425) | 0.07 |
| HCC | 136 (76.4) | 19 (59.4) | 0.451 (0.207–1.0) | 0.047 |
| HCV | 37 (21.3) | 11 (36.7) | 2.144 (0.914–4.847) | 0.07 |
| HBV | 23 (13.2) | 3 (10.0) | 0.729 (0.165–2.288) | 0.63 |
| Previous hepatectomy | 8 (4.6) | 4 (13.3) | 3.935 (1.119–12.712) | 0.02 |
| Previous abdominal surgery | 84 (47.2) | 17 (53.1) | 1.268 (0.596–2.723) | 0.54 |
| ASA 3/4 | 97 (55.4) | 22 (68.8) | 1.769 (0.791–3.956) | 0.16 |
| Surgical variables | ||||
| Number of previously performed LLRs | 279 (255–302) | 268 (210–326) | 1.0 (0.997–1.002) | 0.72 |
| Major hepatectomy | 40 (22.7) | 12 (37.5) | 2.04 (0.899–4.489) | 0.08 |
| Simultaneous ablation | 5 (2.8) | 3 (9.4) | 3.579 (0.704–15.402) | 0.09 |
| MILL | 143 (80.3) | 17 (54.8) | 0.315 (0.143–0.701) | 0.004 |
| HALS | 31 (17.4) | 12 (38.7) | 1.362 (0.535–3.183) | 0.49 |
| SILS | 4 (2.2) | 2 (6.5) | 2.9 (0.390–15.552) | 0.23 |
| Length of surgery (LOS) in min. | 226.9 (213.6–240.1) | 296.7 (260.4–333.0) | 1.008 (1.004–1.012) | <0.001 |
| Conversion | 1 (0.6) | 2 (6.3) | 11.8 (1.097–258.613) | 0.046 |
| R1 Status | 15 (8.6) | 10 (31.3) | 4.818 (1.891–12.011) | <0.001 |
| Perioperative RBCs transfused | 0.11 (0.0–0.21) | 0.31 (0.0–0.65) | 3.821 (0.736–16.915) | 0.18 |
| Maximum tumor diameter in cm | 4.5 (4.0–4.9) | 4.2 (3.4–5.1) | 0.974 (0.848–1.10) | 0.69 |
| Liver function variables | ||||
| ALT, U/L | 41.3 (33.8–48.9) | 52.1 (26.8–77.3) | 1.008 (1.0–1.016) | 0.037 |
| AST, U/L | 48.4 (38.9–58.0) | 56.7 (22.7–90.7) | 1.004 (0.997–1.01) | 0.25 |
| Thrombocytes | 192.1 (173.8–210.5) | 200.5 (139.9–261.22) | 1 (0.995–1.004) | 0.98 |
| Thrombocytes <100/uL | 18 (10.3) | 7 (23.3) | 2.638 (0.941–6.809) | 0.052 |
| Albumin mg/dl | 41.2 (40.0–42.4) | 40.0 (38.4–42.7) | 0.979 (0.901–1.070) | 0.62 |
| Bilirubin mg/dl | 0.67 (0.59–0.76) | 0.63 (0.51–0.75) | 0.772 (0.249–1.59) | 0.59 |
| INR | 1.1 (1.08–1.13) | 1.1 (1.07–1.16) | 3.772 (0.098–107.931) | 0.45 |
| ALBI score | −2.85 (−2.97−(−2.74)) | −2.76 (−3.06–(−2.48)) | 1.278 (0.516–2.935) | 0.575 |
| FIB−4 | 3.24 (2.83–3.66) | 3.28 (2.25–4.3) | 1.005 (0.853–1.145) | 0.95 |
| LiMAX µg/kg/h | 322 (289–355) | 379 (306–451) | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 0.15 |
| Cirrhosis in imaging | 119 (70.8) | 18 (62.1) | 0.674 (0.30–1.570) | 0.35 |
| Cirrhosis in pathology | 98 (58.0) | 14 (46.7) | 0.634 (0.287–1.385) | 0.25 |
| Advanced fibrosis (grade III-IV) | 115 (68.0) | 20 (66.7) | 0.939 (0.412–2.143) | 0.88 |
| Portal Hypertension in imaging | 50 (29.8) | 9 (31.0) | 1.062 (0.434–2.435) | 0.89 |
| MELD | 8.2 (7.7–8.6) | 9.1 (6.9–11.3) | 1.077 (0.922–1.234) | 0.30 |
| Preoperative ascites | 2 (1.3) | 1 (3.8) | 3.14 (0.142–33.970) | 0.36 |
Variables are expressed as the mean with the 95% CI for continuous variables and as counts with percentages in brackets for categorical variables. An overview of missing data is shown in Figure S1. For continuous variables, the odds ratios are per one unit increase.