Table 4.
Evaluation procedure and results of sperm quality parameters.
| Study | Variable | Measurement Procedure | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Samadian 2019 [16] | Cell count | Analyses by light microscopic | Figure 2 |
| Apoptosis index | Evaluated by TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining kit (In situ cell death detection kit, POD, Roche; Cat, Germany). | (Con = Ex = DiaIn = DiaInEx) < DiaEx < Dia | |
| Samadian 2019 [17] | Quality Sperm: Count | Incubation of tissues in heat transfer fluid (HTF) medium, 45 min at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Dilution of 1:50 and observation with light microscope stereo zoom microscope. Count based on standard Neobar slide method. | Figure 2 |
| Quality Sperm: Motility | Incubation of tissues in HTF medium, 45 min at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Dilution of 1:50 50 and observation with light microscope stereo zoom microscope. | Figure 3 | |
| Quality Sperm: Impaired chromatin condensation | Aniline blue staining. The spermatozoa with unstained nuclei were considered as mature (representing protamine content), while the spermatozoa with stained nuclei (representing histone content) were marked as immature [22]. | (Con = Ex) < (DiaIn = DiaInEx = DiaEx) < Dia | |
| Quality Sperm: DNA Fragmentation | Acridine orange Staining and evaluation by fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Company). Spermatozoa with green DNA content were marked as spermatozoa with double-stranded DNA, while the spermatozoa with yellowish and/or reddish fluorescent DNA content were considered as spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation. | (Con = Ex) < (DiaIn = DiaInEx = DiaEx) < Dia | |
| Parastesh 2019 [20] | Sperm count (106) | Dissected epididymis was transferred into a 5 cc (DMEM) medium. Sperm swim out into the medium. One mL of the solution was diluted with 9 mL formaldehyde fixative. Neubauer chamber and manually counted under a microscope. | Figure 2 |
| Sperm viability | Eosin-nigrosine staining was used to evaluate sperm viability according to WHO protocol [23]. | Ex (87.8 ± 2.9%) > Con (77.5 ± 4.6%) > DiaEx (41.7 ± 7.2%) > Dia (29.7 ± 16.2%) | |
| Sperm morphology | Papanicolaou stain according to WHO protocol [23]. | Día (85.2 ± 7.5) < Con (95.4 ± 1.3); Ex (90.4 ± 9.1) > (Dia (85.2 ± 7.5) = DiaEx (88 ± 8.8)) |
|
| Sperm motility | WHO protocol [23]. Ten µl of the sperm suspension was located on a microscope slide. | Figure 3 | |
| Parastesh 2019 [21] | Sperm count (106) | Dissected epididymis was transferred into a 5 cc (DMEM) medium. Sperm swim out into the medium. 1 mL of the solution was diluted with 9 mL formaldehyde fixative. Neubauer chamber and manually counted under a microscope. | Figure 2 |
| Sperm viability | Eosin-nigrosine staining was used to evaluate sperm viability according to WHO protocol [23]. | (Dia (29.7 ± 16.2) = DiaExE (41.7 ± 7.2)) < Con (77.5 ± 4.6); DiaExR (60.6 ± 8) and DiaExC (60.6 ± 8) > Dia (29.7 ± 16.2) | |
| Sperm morphology | Papanicolaou stain according to WHO protocol [23]. | Dia (85.2 ± 7.5) < Con (95.4 ± 1.3); DiaExE (88 ± 8.8) = DiaExR (89.1 ± 6.9) = DiaExC (93.4 ± 2.7) |
|
| Sperm motility | WHO protocol [23]. Ten µl of the sperm suspension was located on a microscope slide and covered. | Figure 3 | |
| Rosety Rodríguez 2014 [19] | Volume | Semen was collected after 3 days of sexual abstinence (intercourse or masturbation) by manual masturbation into a sterile container on-site and examined within 30 min of ejaculation [23]. | Dia (pre, 2.90 ± 0.86) = Dia (post, 2.92 ± 0.90); DiaEx (pre, 2.92 ± 0.90 = DiaEx (post, 3.08 ± 0.86) |
| Concentration | Hemacytometer (HauserScientific Inc., Horsham, PA, USA) | Figure 2 | |
| Motility | Computer-aided semen analysis (CASA system, Microptic S.L., Spain) | Figure 3 | |
| Morphology | Hemacytometer (Hauser Scientific Inc., Horsham, PA, USA) and Computer-aided semen analysis (CASA system, MicropticS.L., Spain) | DiaEx (pre, 46.1 ± 4.6) < DiaEx (post, 51.2 ± 5.0) DiaEx (post, 51.2 ± 5.0) > Dia (post, 45.9 ± 4.8) |
|
| Murray 1988 [18] | Evaluation of sperm quality before exercise | One single measure comparing diabetic and healthy young males:
|
|
Con: control group, Dia: diabetic group, DiaIn: insulin administration group, DiaEx: diabetic and exercise intervention group, DiaInEx: diabetic group with insulin administration and exercise intervention, DiaExE: diabetic and endurance exercise intervention group, DiaExR: diabetic and resistance exercise intervention group, DiaExC: diabetic and combined exercise intervention group, WHO: World Health Organization, HTF: heat transfer fluid.