Table 5.
Certified reference doses (RfD) and slope factors (SF) of metals, together with noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks applied to an East Asian population for whom exclusive consumption of Malaysian seaweed in the diet is assumed. NA indicates data not available. Mirogram/kg/day is equivalent to microgram per gram (μg/g/day).
| Metal | Oral Toxicity Reference Dose, RfD | Cancer Slope Factor | Estimated Mean Daily Dose (MDD) | Noncarcinogenic Risk | Carcinogenic Risk (LTCR) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (mg/kg/day) | References | (mg/kg/day)−1 | References | (mg/kg/day) | Hazard quotient (HQ) | ||
| K | NA | NA | 6.39 | ||||
| Ca | NA | NA | 0.189 | ||||
| Mg | 0.140 | [36] | 0.126 | 0.903 | |||
| Pb | 0.004 | [33] | 0.01 | [33] | 0.001 | 0.203 | 6.08 × 10−4 |
| Cd | 0.001 | [36] | 0.38 | [87] | 2 × 10−4 | 0.171 | 4.89 × 10−3 |
| Se | 0.005 | [36] | 0.003 | 0.532 | |||
| Al | 7.00 | [32] | 0.004 | 0.001 | |||
| Mn | 0.046 | [88] | 0.001 | 0.016 | |||
| Cu | 0.040 | [36] | 2 × 10−4 | 0.004 | |||
| Zn | 0.3 | [41] | 0.002 | 0.006 | |||
| Fe | 0.700 | [88] | 0.024 | 0.034 | |||
| As | 0.0003 | [36] | 1.5 | [89] | 0.001 | 1.547 | 5.22 × 10−2 |
| Na | NA | NA | 0.235 | ||||
| Ni | 0.020 | [36] | 1.7 | [90] | 0.001 | 0.053 | 1.34 × 10−1 |
| Cr-VI | 0.003 | [36] | 0.50 | [91] | 0.003 | 0.912 | 1.03 × 10−1 |
| Ag | NA | NA | 1.84 × 10−5 | ||||
| Si | NA | NA | 0.0254 | ||||
| Hazard index (HI) due to all metals in seaweeds, HI = ΣHQc = 4.38 | ΣLCR = 2.94 × 10−1 | ||||||