Table 2.
Selected studies on the acute effect of dual-tasks.
| Authors | Participants | Age | Competitive Level | Tasks | Dependent Variables | Results | Dual-Task Cost (DT − ST)/ST × 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fleddermann and Zentgraf [34] | 24 beach volleyball players (21 women and 3 men) | Mean age = 19.2 years, SD = ±4.2 | National | ST: volleyball block DT: volleyball block + visual stimulus |
Decision-making, jump height, and stride length | Jump height = ST > DT Stride length = ST > DT Decision-making (error) = ST < DT |
Jump Height = 4.13% Stride length = 37.6% |
| Qiu et al. [40] | 44 male basketball players | Elite: Mean age = 20.68 SD = ±1.39 years Intermediate: mean age = 20.20 SD = ±2.35 years |
National and College | ST: accuracy in the multiple object tracking task with two distractors DT: accuracy in the location in the multiple object tracking task with four distractors |
Accuracy in the multiple object tracking task | Accuracy: Elite = ST > DT Intermediate = ST > DT |
Elite = 36.4% Intermediate = 54.2% |
| Tapper et al. [43] | 11 Hockey players (4 men and 7 women) | Women: Mean age = 18.7 SD = ±1.2 Men: Mean age = 22.2 SD = ±0.9 |
College | ST: accuracy in the multiple object tracking task DT: accuracy in the multiple object tracking task + task with an acoustic requirement |
Accuracy in the multiple object tracking task | Accuracy: Men = ST > DT Women = ST > DT |
Men = 12.3% Women = 11% |
| Schaefer and Scornaienchi [42] | 22 table tennis players (7 women and 15 men, 11 experts and 11 non- experts) | Experts: Mean age = 25.5 SD = ±2.6 Non- experts: Mean age = 23.6 SD = ±2.2 |
Not mentioned | ST: technical-tactical accuracy DT: technical-tactical accuracy + working memory task (3-back stimuli test) |
Tecnhical-tactical accuracy; working memory capacity | Technical-tactical accuracy: experts = ST > DT, non-expert = ST > DT; Working memory capacity: experts = ST > DT, non-experts = ST > DT |
Working memory capacity: Expert = 10% Non-expert = between 30% and 50% Technical-tactical performance: Expert = 10% Non-expert = 30% |
| Van Biesen et al. [44] | 103 participants from various sports (70 men and 33 women) | Men: Mean age = 21.4 SD = ±2.6 Women: Mean age = 20.5 SD = ±1.9 |
Amateur | ST: accuracy in the multiple object tracking task DT: accuracy in the multiple object tracking task + balance task |
Accuracy in the multiple object Tracking task; Static balance control performance | Accuracy in the decision task: ST > DT Performance in the balance task: ST > DT, effect size |
Static balance control task: 12.89% Multiple object tracking task = 1.34% |
| Runswick et al. [41] | 18 male cricket players (9 skilled and 9 less-skilled) | Skilled: Mean age 22.6 SD = ±7.8 years Less-skilled: Mean age = 28.9 SD = ±6.7 years |
Regional and International | ST: anticipation task DT: anticipation task + working memory task (7-back stimuli) |
Anticipation accuracy and working memory capacity | Accuracy in anticipation: Skilled = DT > ST Less-skilled = DT > ST Working memory capacity: Skilled = DT > ST; Less-skilled = DT > ST |
Accuracy in anticipation: Skilled -29% Less-skilled -16% Working memory capacity: No information for calculation |
| Cochrane et al. [33] | 87 participants from various sports (39 women and 48 men) | Mean age = 20.6 SD = ±1.8 years | College | ST: simple visual stimuli for decision DT: simple visual stimuli for decision + visual task |
Reaction time | Reaction time = DT > ST | Reaction time = 73% |
| Gutierrez-Davila et al. [35] | 25 fencing players (15 men and 10 women) | Homens: Mean age = 21.1 SD = ±4.9 years Mulheres: Mean age = 21.4 SD = ±2.3 years |
Elite | ST: attacking actions against an opponent after a pre-established visual stimulus DT: an attentional task in which players were required to react differently to visual stimuli in the trunk and the head. |
Reaction time; Speed in the attacking actions; Technical-tactical offensive and defensive performance | Reaction time = DT > ST Speed of attack actions = ST > DT Technical-tactical defensive performance = ST > DT |
Reaction time = 33% Attacking speed = 7% Technical-tactical performance = 103% |
| Helm et al. [36] | 33 male handball goalkeepers (15 elite and 18 amateurs) | Mean age = 24.4 years SD = ±4.9 |
Elite and amateur | ST: goalkeeping with one ball DT: goalkeeping with two balls | Reaction time | Reaction time: elite and amateurs = DT > ST | Reaction time: elite 20% amateurs: 17% |
| Laurin and Finez [12] | 90 male soccer players | Study 1: Mean age = 19.2 SD = ±1.3 Study 2: Mean age = 19.2 SD = ±1.1 Study 3: Mean age = 19.9 SD = ±1.3 |
College | ST: juggling performance DT: juggling performance + perform arithmetic subtraction operations + count down from 3 by 3 from 300 juggling performance + multiplication task |
Performance in juggling performance | Technical performance = ST > DT | Juggling performance + Subtraction of numbers = 17% Juggling performance + 2 in 2 counting = 13% Juggling performance + multiplication = 26.5% |
| Lynall et al. [39] | 15 participants from various sports (6 men and 9 women) | Mean age = 19.7 SD = ±1.6 years | College | ST: balance task DT: balance task + Brooks visuospatial task |
Path Length Speed Velocity Working memory capacity |
Path Length = ST > DT Speed = ST > DT Velocity = ST > DT Working memory capacity = ST = DT (no significant difference) |
Path Length = 7.6% Speed = 4% Velocity = 28% |
| Howell et al. [37] | 61 female boxing figthers | Median = 27 Range = 21–36 years |
Elite | ST: (timed-up and-go test) DT: (timed-up-and-go test) + Number counting task The tasks were applied in two moments (pre-tournament and post- tournament) |
Time to complete the tasks | Pre-tournament-ST = 8.7 (6.3–13.7) DT = 11.7 (6.7–21.7) Post-tournament-ST = 8.3 (6.7–15.0) DT = 10.9 (8.0–19.7) |
Pre-tournament task execution time = 34.5% Post-tournament = 31.3% |
| Howell et al. [38] | 31 participants from various sports (13 men and 18 women) | Mean age = 14.9 SD = ±1.8 | Not reported | ST: walk test DT: walk test + cognitive task (spell a 5-letter word backwards, subtract a two-digit number from 6 or 7 and recite the months in reverse order) |
Gait speed, stride length, cadence (steps/min), double support time and accuracy in the cognitive task | Gait speed, stride length, cadence and double support time = ST > DT; Cognitive task = ST = DT | Walking speed = 99.4% Stride lengths = 26.8% Cadence = 30.6% Double support time = 28.8% |
ST: Single Task; DT: Dual-Task.