Table 1.
Summary of extracted key variables for 54 African countries.
| Country | Part of Rabies Network | National Rabies Plan (Yes/No) | NTD Master Plan (Yes/No, Time Period) | Rabies Addressed in NTD Master Plan (Yes/No) | Disease Notification (Domestic/Wild/Species Specified) | Precaution at Borders (Domestic/Wild/Species Specified) | Monitoring | Screening | General Surveillance | Targeted Surveillance | Official Vaccination | SARE Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | MEEREB | yes | † | † | D | W/D | D | † | † | † | cattle, dogs, cats | † |
| Angola | PARACON | yes | † | † | W/D | D | W/D | † | W/D | D | dogs | 1 |
| Benin | PARACON | † | † | † | W/D | D | D | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Botswana | PARACON | † | Yes (2015–2020) |
no | W/D | dogs, cats, sheep | W, cattle | † | cats, dogs, cattle, goats, sheep/W | W | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Burkina Faso | PARACON, no data shared | † | † | † | D | cats, dogs | † | † | † | † | cats, dogs | † |
| Burundi | PARACON, no data shared | † | † | † | † | † | † | cattle, cats, dogs | cattle, cats, dogs | † | † | † |
| Cabo Verde | † | † | † | † | D | D | † | † | † | † | † | † |
| Cameroon | PARACON | † | † | † | D | † | † | † | † | dogs | D | 1.5 |
| Central African Republic | PARACON | † | † | † | D | D | † | cats, dogs | cats, dogs | † | cats, dogs | 0.5 |
| Chad | PARACON | † | † | † | dogs | dogs, cats, sheep | dogs | dogs | † | † | dogs | 1.5 |
| Comoros | † | † | † | † | dogs | † | † | † | dogs | † | † | † |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | PARACON | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
yes | cats, dogs | † | cats, dogs | cats, dogs | cats, dogs | † | D | 1.5 |
| Djibouti | PARACON, no permission to share data | † | † | † | cattle, cats, dogs | cattle, cats, dogs | † | † | † | † | † | † |
| Egypt | † | † | † | † | W/D | W/D | † | † | † | W/D | D | † |
| Equatorial Guinea | PARACON, no data shared | † | Yes (2018–2022) |
yes | D | D | † | † | † | † | † | † |
| Eritrea | PARACON, no data shared | † | Yes (2015–2020) |
yes | dogs, cattle, equidae | † | † | † | dogs, cattle, equidae | † | dogs | † |
| Eswatini (Swaziland) | † | † | Yes (2015–2020) |
yes | W/D | W, cats, dogs | † | † | W/D | † | dogs | † |
| Ethiopia | † | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
no | D | cats, dogs | † | † | D | † | dogs | 1.5 |
| Gabon | PARACON, no permission to share data | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | cats, dogs | 0 |
| Gambia | † | † | Yes (2015–2020) |
yes | † | † | † | † | † | † | D | † |
| Ghana | PARACON | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
yes | D | † | D | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Guinea | PARACON, no permission to share data | † | † | † | D | D | † | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Guinea-Bissau | PARACON | † | Yes (2014–2020) |
yes | cats, dogs | cats, dogs | cats, dogs | † | cats, dogs | dogs | cats, dogs, W | † |
| Ivory Coast | PARACON | yes | Yes (2016–2020) |
no | D | D | † | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 2 |
| Kenya | PARACON | yes | Yes (2016–2020) |
no | D | D | D | † | W/D | † | equidae, cattle, sheep, swine, dogs | 0.5 |
| Lesotho | PARACON | † | † | † | D | cats, dogs | † | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Liberia | PARACON | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
yes | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | 1.5 |
| Libya | MEEREB, PARACON | † | † | † | D | D | † | † | † | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Madagascar | PARACON | † | † | † | D | D | † | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Malawi | PARACON | † | Yes (2015–2020) |
yes | W/D | † | † | dogs | W/D | † | dogs | 0.5 |
| Mali | PARACON | † | Yes (2017–2021) |
yes | dogs | dogs | † | † | † | † | dogs | 2 |
| Mauritania | PARACON, no data shared | † | † | † | D | † | D | † | D | † | † | † |
| Mauritius | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | |
| Morocco | MEEREB | yes | yes (†) | † | D | cats, dogs | D | † | D | D | dogs | † |
| Mozambique | PARACON | † | † | † | D | D | D | † | D | D | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Namibia | PARAVON, no permission to share data | yes | Yes (2015–2020) |
no | D | D | D | † | D | † | cattle, dogs, cats | 1 |
| Niger | PARACON | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
yes | D | † | † | † | D | † | † | 0 |
| Nigeria | PARACON | † | Yes (2015–2020) |
yes | cattle, cats, dogs | † | † | † | cattle, cats, dogs | † | buffalos (D) | 1.5 |
| Republic of the Congo | PARACON no permission to share data | † | † | † | W/D | W/D | W/D | † | W/D | W/D | cats, dogs, equidae | 1 |
| Rwanda | PARACON | † | † | † | D | D | D | D | † | D | dogs | 0 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | † | cattle, dogs, cats, hares, rabbits, sheep, goats, swine | † | † | † |
| Senegal | PARACON | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
yes | cattle, cats, dogs | cattle, cats, dogs | cattle, cats, dogs | † | cattle, cats, dogs | † | † | 1.5 |
| Seychelles | † | † | † | † | D | D | † | † | D | † | † | † |
| Sierra Leone | PARACON | yes (not accessible) | † | † | dogs | † | † | † | dogs | † | dogs | 0 |
| Somalia | PARACON, no permission to share data | † | † | † | D | D | D | D | † | † | † | † |
| South Africa | PARACON | † | † | † | W/D | W/D | † | † | W/D | † | † | 1.5 |
| South Sudan | † | † | Yes (2016–2020) |
yes | D | D | † | † | † | † | dogs | † |
| Sudan | PARACON | † | † | † | D | † | † | † | † | † | dogs | 1.5 |
| Tanzania | PARACON | † | † | † | D | † | W | † | D | W | dogs | 1.5 |
| Togo | PARACON, no permission to share data | † | † | † | dogs | dogs | dogs | dogs | dogs | dogs | dogs | 0 |
| Tunisia | MEEREB | † | † | † | W/D | W/D | † | † | W/D | † | dogs | † |
| Uganda | PARACON | yes (not accessible) | † | † | D | D | † | † | D | † | cats, dogs | 1.5 |
| Zambia | PARACON, no permission to share data | † | † | † | W/D | cats, dogs | † | † | W/D | † | † | 1.5 |
| Zimbabwe | † | † | † | † | cattle, dogs, goats, cats, swine | cats, dogs | † | † | cattle, goats, cats, swine | † | dogs | 1.5 |
* Note: † indicates no official information was publicly available or no data retrieved; D stands for Domestic refers to animals that live in contact with and under control of or owned by humans and W stands for Wildlife refers to animals that grow and live in the wild [14]. Country was defined as the 54 sovereign states which are member states of the United Nations; Disease Notification was defined as National legal obligation to report any suspected or confirmed case of the disease, infection, or infestation to the relevant authorities; Precautions at borders was defined as measures applied at airports, ports, railway stations or road check-points open to international movement of animal, animal products, and other related commodities, where import inspections are performed to prevent introduction of the disease, infection or infestation into a country/territory or zone; Monitoring was defined as intermittent performance and analysis of routine measurements and observations, aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of a population; Screening was defined as survey carried out within the framework of a control program for the disease, infection, or infestation for health qualification of herds/flocks in all or part of the national territory; Surveillance was defined as surveillance not targeted at a specific disease, infection, or infestation, also called passive surveillance. Targeted Surveillance was defined as surveillance targeted at a specific disease, infection or infestation, also called active surveillance. MEEREB, Middle East and Eastern Europe Rabies Expert Bureau; PARACON, Pan-Africa Rabies Control Network; SARE, Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination. The scoring system ranges from 0 (lowest tier) to 5 (highest tier). Stage 0: No information on rabies available, but rabies is suspected to be present. Stage 1: Assessment of the local rabies epidemiology, elaboration of a short-term rabies action plan. Stage 2: Development of a national rabies prevention and control strategy. Stage 3: Full-scale implementation of the national rabies control strategy. Stage 4: Maintenance of human rabies freedom, elimination of dog rabies. Stage 5: Freedom from human and dog-transmitted rabies being monitored.